アトラジン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色～ほとんど白色粉末～結晶
解説
アトラジン，ゲサプリムともいう．塩基の存在下，塩化シアヌルに各等モル量のエチルアミンとイソプロピルアミンを順次反応させると得られる．無色の粉末．融点175.8 ℃．水溶解度33 mg L－1(20 ℃)．アトラジンは光合成電子伝達を阻害する，いわゆるHill反応阻害剤であり，光化学系Ⅱの D1 タンパクに結合して，プラストキノンの結合を阻害することで，除草活性を発揮する．生化学研究用試薬．LD50 3080 mg/kg(ラット，経口)．
用途
主たる用途は除草剤である。
農薬用途
除草剤
化学的特性
Atrazine is a colorless, crystalline solid. Although atrazine is very stable, it is only slightly
soluble in water, but soluble in N-pentane, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate,
diethyl ether, and methanol. Atrazine is a broad-spectrum triazine herbicide and is used
as a selective herbicide for weed control in corn and asparagus, in the culture of sugarcane
and pineapple. Additionally, it is used as a total herbicide on roads and public places as well
as on uncultivated ground in combination with amitrol, bromacil, dalapon, and growth
promoters. Atrazine inhibits photosynthesis and other metabolic processes in plants. There
are no natural sources of atrazine. It is produced from cyanuric acid chloride with ethylamine
and isopropylamine. The reaction takes place successively in tetrachloromethane.
All atrazine produced is released into the environment. The formulations include granules,
water dispersible granules, liquid, suspension concentrate, wettable powder, and a combination
with many other herbicides. Atrazine is compatible with various insecticides and
fungicides.
Atrazine was banned in the European Union (EU) in 2004 because of its persistent
groundwater contamination. In the United States, however, atrazine is one of the most
widely used herbicides, with 76 million pounds of it applied each year. It is probably the
most commonly used herbicide in the world.
使用
Atrazine is widely used as a selective herbicide to control
broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, rangeland,
sugarcane, orchards, pineapple, and turf grass sod. It is also
used for selective weed control in conifer restoration and
Christmas tree plantations. It is also used as a nonselective
herbicide for vegetation control in noncrop land.
調製方法
Atrazine is prepared by reacting cyanuric chloride with one
equivalent of ethylamine, followed by one equivalent of
isopropylamine in the presence of an acid-binding agent.
定義
ChEBI: A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group.
一般的な説明
White crystalline solid. Melting point 173-175°C. Sinks in water. A selective herbicide used for season-long weed control in a variety of crops.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Atrazine undergoes slow hydrolysis at 158° F under neutral conditions. Hydrolysis is more rapid in acidic or alkaline conditions. Forms salts with acids .
危険性
Hematologic, preproductive and develop-
mental effects. Questionable carcinogen.
火災危険
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride and toxic oxides of nitrogen may be formed.
农业用途
Atrazine is the generic name for 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-
6-isopropylamino-s-triazine.A trazine is an example of
photosynthesis inhibitors and herbicides.
Atrazine was the first s-triazine used in maize. The use
of this herbicide and others in the same group has
expanded to selective application in perennial crops and
orchids as well as for non-crop and industrial sites.
薬理学
In plants, themajor
pathways of atrazine transformation include hydroxylation,
N-dealkylation, and glutathione conjugation. Hydroxylation
of atrazine and other s-triazines occurs in a wide range of plants and is considered a detoxification
mechanism because hydroxyatrazine is not phytotoxic.
Hydroxylation is catalyzed via reaction with the naturally
occurring compound, benzoxazinone (127). A hypothetical
ether-linked intermediate has been proposed to undergoes
hydrolysis to produce hydroxylated triazine and
regenerated benzoxazinone. This reaction occurs in many
susceptible and resistant plant species, and the rate of
this reaction is governed by the amount of benzoxazinone
present in the tissue. The hydroxylation reaction predominates
in root tissue, whereas GSH conjugation is more
prominent in leaf tissue of plants containing a GST that
has substrate specificity for atrazine. Because atrazine
is a photosystem II (PS II) inhibitor, possession of a rapid
detoxification system, such as a specific GST, is paramount
to provide tolerance to this compound.
安全性プロファイル
Poison by
intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by
ingestion. Mildly toxic by inhalation and skin
contact. An experimental teratogen. Other
experimental reproductive effects. Human
mutation data reported. A skin and severe
eye irritant. Questionable carcinogen with
experimental tumorigenic data. When heated
to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of ClandNOx.
職業ばく露
Atrazine is an herbicide and plant
growth regulator used for season-long weed control in corn,
sorghum, and certain other crops. Banned for use as a pesticide
in the EU. US annual use . 75 millon pounds.
発がん性
An increase in mammary adenomas
and fibroadenomas was observed in female rats fed
1000 ppm, but not 500 ppm atrazine or less for their lifetime.
An increase in the incidence of mammary carcinomas was
seen at 70, 500, and 1000 ppm, but not at 10 ppm. The
biological significance of these findings is not known but may
be related to a hormonally mediated mechanism. Rats
fed 375 or 750 ppmatrazine for 2 years showed an increase in
mammary tumors in males at 750 ppm. Uterine carcinomas
increased in both groups and the incidence of malignant
tumors also increased in both sexes.
環境運命予測
Atrazine is highly persistent in soil. In soil and water, atrazine degrades by hydrolysis, followed by biodegradation by soil microorganisms. Hydrolysis is rapid in acidic or basic environments, but is slower around neutral pH. Sunlight and evaporation do not affect its removal rate. Atrazine can persist for longer than 1 year under dry or cold conditions. It is moderately to highly mobile in soils with low clay or low organic matter content. Because it does not adsorb strongly to soil particles and has a lengthy half-life (60 to >100 days), it has a high potential for groundwater contamination despite being only moderately soluble in water. It is frequently detected in drinking water wells.
輸送方法
UN2763 Triazine pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
不和合性
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
廃棄物の処理
Atrazine is hydrolyzed by
either acid or base. The hydroxy compounds are generally
herbicidally inactive, but their complete environmental
effects are uncertain. However, the method appears
suitable for limited use and quantities of triazine. Atrazine
underwent .99% decomposition when burned in a polyethylene
bag, and combustion with a hydrocarbon fuel would
appear to be a generally suitable method for small quantities.
Combustion of larger quantities would probably
require the use of a caustic wet scrubber to remove nitrogen
oxides and HCl from the product gases.
アトラジン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品