TANNING

Description

The preservation of hides or skins by use of a chemical that (1) makes them immune to bacterial attack; (2) raises the shrinkage temperature; and (3) prevents the collagen fibers from sticking together on drying, so that the material remains porous, soft, and flexible. Vegetable tanning is used mostly for sole and heavy-duty leathers. The chief vegetable tannins are water extracts of special types of wood or bark, especially quebracho and wattle. The main active constituent is tannic acid. The tannins penetrate the skin or hides after long periods of soaking, during which the molecular aggregates of the tannin form cross-links between the polypeptide chains of the skin proteins; hydrogen bonding is an important factor.
In mineral or chrome tanning, the sulfates of chromium, aluminum, and zirconium are used (the last two for white leather); here the reaction is of a coordination nature between the carboxyl groups of the skin collagen and the metal atom. Syntans are also used; these are sulfonated phenol or naphthols condensed with formaldehyde. Condensation products other than phenol having strong hydrogenbonding power have been developed. Tannage by any method is a time-consuming and exacting process, requiring careful control of pH, temperature, humidity, and concentration factors.