Betaine monohydrate

Description

Betaine monohydrate is a minor pathway of methionine biosynthesis as an end product of oxidative choline metabolism. Betaine inner salt monohydrate is a variant of betaine. This chemical is known for its ability to function as an osmolyte, meaning it helps maintain cell volume and fluid balance within cells by controlling water flow in and out. This property is in various biological processes, especially in plants and microorganisms, to withstand stress from environmental changes, such as salinity or dehydration. In industrial applications, betaine inner salt monohydrate is utilized for its compatibility with a wide range of formulations, contributing to the stability and functionality of products. The mixture of betaine monohydrate and glycerol can form a Deep eutectic solvent (DES) at a molar ratio 1:2. Betaine monohydrate-glycerol DES can extract palmitic acid in palm oil.

Chemical Properties

WHITE CRYSTALS OR CRYSTALLINE POWDER

Uses

Betaine monohydrate has been used:

• in the preparation of KLA buffer to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• to study the its effects on K_m and V_max of human aldose reductase
• to study its effects on the growth of A549 lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo

Definition

ChEBI: A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of glycine betaine.

General Description

Betaine is a zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compound and is mainly present in animals, microorganisms and plants. It is one of the main constituent of several food items like wheat, shellfish, spinach and sugar beets. It is also termed as trimethylglycine, lycine, glycine betaine and oxyneurine. Betaine is a methyl derivative of glycine. It has a molecular mass of 117.2.

Biochem/physiol Actions

End-product of oxidative metabolism of choline, betaine is a general methyl donor, in particular in a minor pathway of methionine biosynthesis. It is used to treat homocystinuria, which is a defect in the major pathway of methionine biosynthesis.

Purification Methods

Crystallise betaine from aqueous EtOH or EtOH/Et2O. The monohydrate loses H2O above 100o. Betaine undergoes internal alkylation to methyl dimethylaminoacetate Purification of Biochemicals — Amino Acids and Peptides above its melting point. It is also prepared by treating the hydrochloride (below) with silver oxide and recrystallising from EtOH/Et2O. [Edsall J Am Chem Soc 66 1767 1943, Leifer & Lippincott J Am Chem Soc 79 5098 1957, for pK see Grob et al. Chem and Ind (London) 1222 1955, Beilstein 4 III 1127, 4 IV 2369.]