2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
- CAS No.
- 118-96-7
- Chemical Name:
- 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
- Synonyms
- TNT;Triton;trinitrotoluene;2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene solution;Entsufon;2,4,6-TNT;1-Methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene;2-Methyl-1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene;Tolit;Tolite
- CBNumber:
- CB0487625
- Molecular Formula:
- C7H5N3O6
- Molecular Weight:
- 227.13
- MOL File:
- 118-96-7.mol
- Modify Date:
- 2023/11/28 16:31:44
| Melting point | 80.9℃ |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 335–340°C |
| Density | 1.654g/cm3 |
| vapor pressure | 0.2 at 20 °C (NIOSH, 1997)4.26 at 54.76 °C, 2.557 at 72.49 °C, 4.347 at 76.06 °C (Knuden effusion method, Lenchitz andVelicky, 1970) |
| refractive index | 1.5500 (estimate) |
| Flash point | 2 °C |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | Solubility Very sparingly soluble in water; soluble in acetone, benzene; less soluble in ethanol |
| form | crystals |
| color | Yellow |
| PH Range | Colorless (11.5) to orange (14.0) |
| Water Solubility | 0.12g/L(20.0 ºC) |
| Exposure limits | TLV-TWA (skin) 0.5 mg/m3 (ACGIH and MSHA), 1.50 mg/m3 (OSHA). |
| Dielectric constant | 2.2（20℃） |
| Stability | Unstable. Risk of explosion if heated or struck. Reacts violently - potentially explosively - with reducing agents. Reacts with heavy metals. |
| Major Application | Explosive, energetic materials, preparation of diamond |
| LogP | 1.65 at 20℃ |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 118-96-7(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| IARC | 3 (Vol. 65) 1996 |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Trinitrotoluene (118-96-7) |
SAFETY
Risk and Safety Statements
| Symbol(GHS) |   GHS02,GHS07 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal word | Danger | |||||||||
| Hazard statements | H225-H302+H312+H332-H319 | |||||||||
| Precautionary statements | P210-P261-P302+P352+P312-P304+P340+P312-P337+P313-P403+P235 | |||||||||
| Hazard Codes | E,T,N,Xn,F,B | |||||||||
| Risk Statements | 2-23/24/25-33-51/53-36-20/21/22-11-1 | |||||||||
| Safety Statements | 35-45-61-36/37-26-16 | |||||||||
| RIDADR | 0209 | |||||||||
| OEB | C | |||||||||
| OEL | TWA: 0.5 mg/m3 [skin] | |||||||||
| WGK Germany | 2 | |||||||||
| HazardClass | 1.1D | |||||||||
| Toxicity | Acute oral LD50 in mice 660 mg/kg, rats 795 (quoted, RTECS, 1985). | |||||||||
| IDLA | 500 mg/m3 | |||||||||
| NFPA 704 |
|
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Description
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a yellow, odourless, unstable solid. TNT does not occur naturally in the environment. TNT is an explosive used in military shells, bombs, and grenades; in industrial uses; and in underwater blasting. TNT is a high explosive that is unaffected by ordinary shocks and therefore must be set off by a detonator. TNT is often mixed with other explosives such as ammonium nitrate to form amatol. Because it is insensitive to shock and must be exploded with a detonator, it is the most favoured explosive used in munitions and construction. TNT reacts violently, is potentially explosively, reacts with heavy metals, and is a chemical with risk of explosion if heated or struck.
Chemical Properties
TNT exists in five isomers; 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is the most commonly used. It is a colorless to pale yellow odorless solid (pellets, cast blocks, and cast slabs) or crushed flakes.
Physical properties
Colorless to light yellow, odorless monoclinic crystals. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Uses
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as a high explosive in mining and in military. It is produced by nitration of toluene with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.
Definition
ChEBI: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is a trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6. It has a role as an explosive. It is functionally related to a 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene.
General Description
A slurry of a yellow water-insoluble crystalline solid. Can burn, although difficult to ignite. When water has been driven off or evaporated the residue is easily ignited, burns vigorously, and is highly explosive . Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. May explode under exposure to intense heat. Primary hazard is blast of an explosion, not flying projectiles or fragments.
Reactivity Profile
TRINITROTOLUENE may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation if mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides. May explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents.
Health Hazard
Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Fire Hazard
TNT is a high explosive. In comparison to many other high explosives, it is insensitive to heat, shock, or friction. Small amounts may burn quietly without detonation. However, when heated rapidly or subjected to strong shock, it detonates. Its detonation temperature is 470°C (878°F) and its velocity is between 5.1 and 6.9 km/s. In combination with other explosives, TNT is widely used as a military and industrial explosive. Amatol, cyclonite, and tetrytol are some of the examples of such explosive combinations. Amatol is a composition of 80% ammonium nitrate and 20% TNT by mass. TNT itself has a very high brisance.
Products from the detonation of 1.5-2.0 kg of TNT in air- and oxygen-deficient atmospheres consisted of low-molecularweight gases and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Johnson et al. 1988). Greiner and associates (1988) examined the soots produced from the detonation of cast composites of TNT mixed with nitroguanidine or RDX in 1 atmosphere of argon. The soot contained 25 wt% diamond 4-7 nm in diameter, the IR spectrum and particle size of which resembled those from meteorites.
.
Potential Exposure
TNT is used as an explosive, that is, as a bursting charge in military explosive shells, bombs, grenades, and mines; and an intermediate in dyestuffs and photographic chemicals.
Carcinogenicity
In bacterial and mammalian in vitro cell systems TNT is a direct-acting mutagen. However, inclusion of exogenous metabolic activation appears to abolish the genotoxicity. In vivo assays of TNT have not shown it to be genotoxic, suggesting that TNT may be reduced to nonmutagenic metabolic products in the whole animal.
storage
TNT is stored in a permanent magazine, separated from combustible and oxidizable materials, initiators, and heat sources. It is shipped in amounts not exceeding 60 lb (27 kg) in weight in metal containers enclosed in wooden or fiberboard boxes.
Shipping
UN1356 Trinitrotoluene, wetted with not <30% water, by mass, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN0209 Trinitrotoluene or TNT, dry or wetted with < 30% water, by mass, Hazard Class: 1D; Labels:1DExplosive (with a mass explosion hazard); D-Substances or articles which may mass detonate (with blast and/or fragment hazard) when exposed to fire.
Purification Methods
Crystallise TNT from *benzene and EtOH. Then fuse (CARE) and allow to crystallise under vacuum. Gey, Dalbey and Van Dolah [J Am Chem Soc 78 1803 1956] dissolved TNT in acetone and added cold water (1:2:15), the precipitate was filtered off, washed free from solvent and stirred with five parts of aqueous 8% Na2SO3 at 50-60o for 10minutes. This was filtered, washed with cold water until the effluent was colourless, and air dried. The product was dissolved in five parts of hot CCl4, washed with warm water until the washings were colourless and TNT was recoverd by cooling and filtering. It was recrystallised from 95% EtOH and carefully dried over H2SO4. The dry solid should not be heated without taking precautions for a possible EXPLOSION. Work with small quantities. [Beilstein 5 H 347, 5 I 172, 5 II 268, 5 III 767, 5 IV 873.]
Incompatibilities
Sensitive to shock and heat. Incompatible with initiating explosives, combustible materials. Aromatic nitro compounds, such as trinitrobenzene, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. Keep away from strong reducing agents, including hydrides, alkali metals; aluminium and other metal powder; phosphorus; sulfides and nitrides, alkaline material, strong bases; contact may initiate vigorous reactions that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. Incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions.
Waste Disposal
TNT is dissolved in acetone and incinerated. The incinerator should be equipped with an afterburner and a caustic soda solution scrubber.
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Preparation Products And Raw materials
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