クロルテトラサイクリン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
クロルテトラサイクリン．オーレオマイシンともいう．Streptomyces aureofaciensが産生するテトラサイクリン系抗生物質の一つ．テトラサイクリンより，7位が塩素化されているクロルテトラサイクリンのほうが抗菌力が3～4倍強い．黄色の結晶．融点168～169 ℃．[α]D23－275°(メタノール)．UV(0.1 mol L－1 塩酸)λmax 230，262.5，367.5 nm．水，エタノール，ベンゼンに可溶，エーテルに不溶．グラム陽性菌，グラム陰性菌，マイコプラズマ，リケッチア．クラミジアなど広範囲の抗菌スペクトルを示し，経口または外用で使用される．テトラサイクリン系抗生物質としては，半合成品であるドキシサイクリンや，ミノサイクリンも経口または静注で使用されている．LD50 10 g/kg(ラット，経口)．
効能
抗生物質, 抗原虫薬, タンパク質合成阻害薬
使用
Chlortetracycline was the first reported member of the tetracycline class, isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens in 1948. Chlortetracyclines heralded the early wave of antibiotic discoveries from microbes and after 50 years are still widely used as pharmaceuticals. Chlortetracycline is a pigment and, like most pigments, is extremely sensitive to environmental and storage conditions. Commercial chlortetracycline may contain significant levels of degradation products.
定義
ChEBI: A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.
適応症
Chlorotetracycline, an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of action, causes a bacteriostatic
effect with respect to Gram-positive (staphylococci, including those that produce penicillinase; streptococci, pneumococci; clostridia, listeria, and anthrax bacillus) and Gram-negative
microorganisms (gonococci, whooping cough bacillus, colon bacillus, enterobacteria,
klebisella, salmonella, shigella), as well as Rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and
spirochaeta. Blue-pus bacillus, proteus, serracia, most strains of Bacteroides fragilis, most
fungi, and small viruses are resistant to this drug. It is used for pneumonia, bronchitis,
empyema of the lungs, angina, cholecystitis, whooping cough, endocarditis, endometritis,
intestinal infections, prostatitis, syphilis, gonorrhea, brucellosis, osteomyelitis, purulent
infections of soft tissues, and others caused by microorganisms sensitive to this drug.
Synonyms of this drug are aureomycin, biomycin, xanthomycin, and others.
抗菌性
It is slightly less active than tetracycline against many
bacteria, with the exception of Gram-positive organisms.
応用例（製薬）
7-Chlortetracycline. A fermentation product of certain strains
of Streptomyces aureofaciens. Formulated as the hydrochloride
or the free base for oral or topical application.
薬物動態学
Oral absorption：30–60%
C
max 500 mg oral：2.5–7 mg/L：
Plasma half-life： 5–6 h
Volume of distribution： c.2 L/kg
Plasma protein binding： 47–65%
Absorption is relatively poor compared with other tetracyclines.
It undergoes rapid metabolism and is largely eliminated by biliary
excretion, with only a small proportion eliminated via the
kidney. Despite this, chlortetracycline is not recommended for
patients in renal failure, since accumulation occurs as a consequence
of the half-life increase to approximately 7–11 h.
臨床応用
Its uses are those common to the group.
It has also been used topically in the management of recurrent
aphthous ulcers of the mouth, but experience is limited
and the mechanism of action is unknown.
副作用
Side effects are typical of the group. Contact hypersensitivity
has been reported with topical application to
abraded skin and varicose ulcers.
安全性プロファイル
Poison by intravenous
and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic
by ingestion. Experimental reproductive
effects. When heated to decomposition it
emits toxic fumes of Cland NOx. See also
TETRACYCLINE.
純化方法
Aureomycin is dehydrated by azeotropic distillation of its solution with toluene. On cooling, the anhydrous material crystallises out and is recrystallised from *C6H6, then dried under vacuum at 100o over paraffin wax. (If it is crystallised from MeOH, it contains MeOH which is not removed on drying.) [Stephens et al. J Am Chem Soc 76 3568 1954, Laskin & Chan Biochem Biophys Res Commun 14 137 1964]. [Beilstein 14 IV 2631.]
クロルテトラサイクリン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品