ジエチルエーテル (無水) 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色澄明の液体ハーゼン10以下
溶解性
水に難溶, アルコール, アセトンと混和。エタノールに極めて溶けやすく、水にやや溶けやすい。
解説
エーテル，エチルエーテルの通称。 (2) 2個の炭化水素残基 R ，R' が酸素原子に結合した R－O－R' の形をとる化合物の総称。 R ，R' が同じものを単一エーテル，異なるものを混成エーテルという。たとえば R と R' が C2H5 のエチルエーテルは単一エーテル，R が C6H5 ，R' が CH3 のフェニルメチルエーテル (アニソール ) は混成エーテルである。脂肪族エーテルは天然には存在せず，アルコールから合成する。芳香族エーテルは植物中に存在する。一般にエーテルは快香のある無色の液体であるが，分子量の大きいものは結晶となる。水にはあまり溶けないが，有機溶媒にはよく溶ける。多くの有機試薬，アルカリに対しては安定であるが，濃硫酸，ヨウ化水素などにより分解される。
用途
生体試料中等のダイオキシン類の分折における溶媒。
用途
有機合成原料、溶剤。
用途
汎用試薬、高純度を要する低沸点溶剤等。
用途
フェノール系化合物の混入禁忌の分析又は有機合成用溶媒。
用途
紫外吸収、蛍光分析用溶媒。
用途
環境ホルモンの分析用溶剤。
用途
精密分析、超高純度溶剤としての個人専用試薬。
用途
有機溶剤、酢酸凝縮剤、麻酔剤
効能
吸入麻酔薬
使用上の注意
空気に触れると過酸化物を生成しやすく、光又は熱によって更に促進される。
存在
古代ギリシア時代から 20 世紀初頭までの間に想定されていた全世界を満たす1種の物質。古代ギリシアの哲学者アリストテレスは地水火風に加えてエーテルを第5の元素とし，天体の構成要素とした。近代では全宇宙を満たす希薄な物質とされ，ニュートン力学ではエーテルに対し静止する絶対空間の存在が前提とされた。また光や電磁波の媒質とも考えられた。 19世紀末，マイケルソン＝モーリーの実験でエーテルに対する地球の運動は見出されなかった。この結果からローレンツ収縮の仮説を経て，ついに 1905年 A.アインシュタインが特殊相対性理論を提唱し，エーテルの存在は否定された。
説明
Diethyl ether is a component of starting fluids and is used as
a solvent in the manufacture of synthetic dyes and plastics.
Because of its characteristics, diethyl ether was widely used in
many countries as an anesthetic agent, but was then replaced by
other substances in the 1960s.
化学的特性
Ether, (C2H5)2,also known as ethyl ether, is a colorless liquid. It is used as a solvent,a denaturant, and as an anesthetic in medicine. lt is an organic compound in which two hydrocarbon radicals are joined by an atom of oxygen.
物理的性質
Colorless, hygroscopic, volatile liquid with a sweet, pungent odor. Odor threshold concentration is
330 ppb (quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992).
来歴
Ether was supposedly discovered by Raymundus Lullus (1232–1315) around 1275,
although there is no extant evidence of this in his writings. The discoverer of ether is often
credited to the German physician and botanist Valerius Cordus (1515–1554), who gave the
first description of the preparation of ether in the mid-16th century. Cordus called the substance
oleum vitrioli dulce, which is translated as sweet oil of vitriol. Cordus used sulfuric acid
(oil of vitriol) to catalyze the conversion of alcohol to ether. At approximately the same time
Paracelsus (1493–1541), a Swiss physician who is also cited as a discoverer of ether, observed
that chickens were safely put to sleep by breathing vapors from sweet oil of vitriol. In 1730,
August Siegmund Frobenius changed the name of sweet vitriol to ether.
使用
Diethyl ether has been used extensively as a general
anesthetic.
調製方法
Ether is produced by the dehydration of ethanol using sulfuric acid: 2CH
3CH
2OH +2H
2SO
4 → (CH
3CH
2)
2O + H
2SO
4 + H
2O.the temperature of the reaction is carriedout at about 140°C to control for unwanted products.the volatile ether is distilled from themixture. Ether can also be prepared by Williamson synthesis. In this reaction, ethanol reactswith sodium to form sodium ethanolate (Na+C
2H
5O?). Sodium ethanolate then reacts withchloroethane to form ether and sodium chloride: Na+C
2H
5O? +C
2H
5Cl → C
2H
5OC
2H
5 +NaCl. Ether is also produced as a by-product in the production of ethanol.
定義
diethyl ether: A colourless flammablevolatile ether, C2H5OC2H5; r.d. 0.71;m.p. –116°C; b.p. 34.5°C. It can bemade by Williamson’s synthesis. Itis an anaesthetic and useful organicsolvent.
一般的な説明
A clear colorless liquid with an anesthetic odor. Flash point -49°F. Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent and to make other chemicals.
空気と水の反応
Highly flammable. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick, 1979 p.151-154, 164]. A mixture of liquid air and Diethyl ether exploded spontaneously, [MCA Case History 616(1960)].
反応プロフィール
Occasional explosions have occurred when aluminum hydride was stored in ether. The explosions have been blamed on the presence of carbon dioxide impurity in the ether, [J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70:877(1948)]. Diethyl ether and chromium trioxide react violently at room temperature. Solid acetyl peroxide in contact with ether or any volatile solvent may explode violently. A 5-gram portion in ether detonated while being carried, [Chem. Eng. News 27:175(1949)]. Nitrosyl perchlorate ignites and explodes with Diethyl ether. A mixture of ether and ozone forms aldehyde and acetic acid and a heavy liquid, ethyl peroxide, an explosive, [Mellor 1:911(1946-1947)].
危険性
CNS depressant by inhalation and skin
absorption. Very flammable, severe fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Forms
explosive peroxides. Explosive limits in air 1.85–
48%.
健康ハザード
The acute toxicity of diethyl ether is low. Inhalation of high concentrations can
cause sedation, unconsciousness, and respiratory paralysis. These effects are usually
reversible upon cessation of exposure. Diethyl ether is mildly irritating to the eyes
and skin, but does not generally cause irreversible damage. Repeated contact can
cause dryness and cracking of the skin due to removal of skin oils. The liquid is not
readily absorbed through the skin, in part because of its high volatility. Diethyl ether
is slightly toxic by ingestion. Diethyl ether is regarded as having adequate warning
properties.
There is no evidence for carcinogenicity of diethyl ether, and no reproductive effects
have been reported. Chronic exposure to diethyl ether vapor may lead to loss of
appetite, exhaustion, drowsiness, dizziness, and other central nervous system effects.
火災危険
Diethyl ether is extremely flammable (NFPA rating = 4) and is one of the most
dangerous fire hazards commonly encountered in the laboratory, owing to its
volatility and extremely low ignition temperature. Ether vapor may be ignited by hot
surfaces such as hot plates and static electricity discharges, and since the vapor is
heavier than air, it may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and flash
back. Ether vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.9 to 36%
(by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ether
fires. Diethyl ether forms unstable peroxides on exposure to air in a reaction that is
promoted by light; the presence of these peroxides may lead to explosive residues
upon distillation.
燃焼性と爆発性
Diethyl ether is extremely flammable (NFPA rating = 4) and is one of the most dangerous fire hazards commonly encountered in the laboratory, owing to its volatility and extremely low ignition temperature. Ether vapor may be ignited by hot surfaces such as hot plates and static electricity discharges, and since the vapor is heavier than air, it may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and flash back. Ether vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.9 to 36% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ether fires. Diethyl ether forms unstable peroxides on exposure to air in a reaction that is promoted by light; the presence of these peroxides may lead to explosive residues upon distillation.
化学反応性
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
工業用途
Diethyl ether as a
commercial product is available in several grades and is used as an extraction
solvent, reaction solvent, and as a general anesthetic. Ethyl ether is an excellent
solvent for alkaloids, dyes, fats, gums, oils, resins, and waxes. Blends of ethyl
ether and ethanol are excellent solvents for cellulose nitrate used in the manufacture
of guncotton, in collodion solutions and pyroxylin plastics. Ethyl ether is used in
the recovery of acetic acid from aqueous solutions in the cellulose acetate and
plastic industry. It is used as a starter fuel for diesel engines and as a denaturant in
denatured ethanol formulations. Grignard and Wurtz-Fillig synthesis reactions use
diethyl ether as an anhydrous, inert reaction medium.
職業ばく露
Ethyl ether is used as a solvent for
waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, dyes, gums, resins,
nitrocellulose, hydrocarbons, raw rubber, and smokeless
powder. It is also used as an inhalation anesthetic; a refrigerant; in diesel fuels; in dry cleaning; as an extractant; and
as a chemical reagent for various organic reactions
環境運命予測
Photolytic. The rate constant for the reaction of ethyl ether and OH radicals in the atmosphere at
300 K is 5.4 x 10
-12 cm
3/molecule?sec (Hendry and Kenley, 1979).
Chemical/Physical. The atmospheric oxidation of ethyl ether by OH radicals in the presence of
nitric oxide yielded ethyl formate as the major product. Minor products included formaldehyde
and nitrogen dioxide. In the absence of nitric oxide, the products were ethyl formate and
acetaldehyde (Wallington and Japar, 1991).
Ethyl ether will not hydrolyze (Kollig, 1993).
貯蔵
ether should be used only in areas free of ignition sources (including hot plates, incandescent light bulbs, and steam baths), and this substance should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. Because of the tendency of diethyl ether to form peroxides on contact with air, containers should be dated upon receipt and at the time they are opened. Diethyl ether is generally supplied with additives that inhibit peroxide formation; distillation removes these inhibitors and renders the liquid more prone to peroxide formation. Material found to contain peroxides should be treated to destroy the peroxides before use or disposed of properly.
輸送方法
UN1155 Diethyl ether or Ethyl ether, Hazard
Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid
不和合性
May form explosive mixture with air.
Incompatible with strong acids; strong oxidizers halogens,
sulfur, sulfur compounds, causing fire and explosion hazard. Can form peroxides from air, heat, sunlight; may
explode when container is unstoppered or otherwise
opened. Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings. Being
a nonconductor, chemical may accumulate static electric
charges that may result in ignition of vapor.
廃棄物の処理
Concentrated waste containing no peroxides-discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a
pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxidesperforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance
followed by open burning. Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal
ジエチルエーテル (無水) 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
2-フェニル-2-プロパノール
ボラン - ピリジン コンプレックス
6‐モルホリノニコチンアルデヒド
6-メトキシピリジン-3-ボロン酸
2-メトキシフェニルボロン酸
2-エトキシピリジン-5-ボロン酸
3,4-メチレンジオキシニトロベンゼン
乳酸アミド
2-ブロモ-4-ニトロ-1-(トリフルオロメトキシ)ベンゼン
(E)-N,N,N',N'-テトラメチル-2-ブテン-1,4-ジアミン
2-(4-エトキシフェニル)-2-メチルプロパノール
2-[5-(ベンジルオキシ)-1H-インドール-3-イル]グリオキシル酸
りんモリブデン酸
2-ブロモ-1-インダノン 臭化物
1,5-ヘキサジエン
4-tert-ブチル安息香酸クロリド
2,6-ジフルオロフェニルボロン酸
1-メチル-1H-ピロール-2-カルボン酸エチル
A-MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE SYNTHETIC
3-メチルベンジルアミン
ベンゾ[b]チオフェン-2-イルボロン酸
(1R,5S)-3β-ヒドロキシ-8-メチル-8-アザビシクロ[3.2.1]オクタン-2β-カルボン酸
ゲニステイン
Δ9(11)-メチルテストステロン
2-アセチルチアゾール
1,4-エポキシシクロヘキサン
エチレンジアミン 二酢酸塩
炭酸アリルメチル
N-BOC-N,N-ビス(2-クロロエチル)アミン
N,N-ジエチル-1-プロピン-1-アミン
レボノルゲストレル
ダイゼイン
2,4-ジブロモチオフェン
2-アミノ-4-ヒドロキシ-6-メチルピリミジン
2,2':5',2"-ターチオフェン
4-(トリフルオロメチル)フェナシルブロミド
1-メチル-1H-ピラゾール-5-カルボン酸
1,2-エポキシオクタン
methylated albumin
3-(4-ブロモフェノキシ)プロパン酸