Ketamine hydrochloride

Ketamine hydrochloride 속성

Ketamine hydrochloride MSDS

Ketamine hydrochloride

Ketamine hydrochloride C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

화학적 성질

Ketamine hydrochloride is Off-White Solid

용도

Anesthetic (intravenous). Controlled substance (depressant).

정의

ChEBI: The hydrochloride salt of ketamine.

Biological Functions

Ketamine is a cyclohexanone derivative whose pharmacological actions are quite different from those of the other IV anesthetics. The state of unconsciousness it produces is trancelike (i.e., eyes may remain open until deep anesthesia is obtained) and cataleptic; it has frequently been characterized as dissociative (i.e., the patient may appear awake and reactive but does not respond to sensory stimuli). The term dissociative anesthesia is used to describe these qualities of profound analgesia, amnesia, and superficial level of sleep.

일반 설명

Ketamine is formulated as an acidic solution, pH 3.5 to 5.5,available with or without 0.1 mg/mL benzethonium chloridepreservative. Ketamine is marketed as the racemic mixtureand some properties of the individual isomers have beenelucidated. Ketamine is a rapid-acting agent that can beused for induction, used as the sole agent for general anesthesiaor combined with other agents. Unlike the proposedmechanism of action for most anesthetics, ketamine doesnot act at the GABAA receptor. Ketamine acts as a noncompetitiveantagonist at the glutamate, NMDA receptor, anonspecific ion channel receptor. The NMDA receptor is locatedthroughout the brain and contains four well-studiedbinding sites. The primary binding site binds L-glutamate,NMDA, and aspartate. The allosteric site binds glycine,which facilitates primary ligand binding. There is also amagnesium binding site that blocks ion flow through thechannel and a phencyclidine (PCP) binding site that blocksthe ion channel when occupied. Ketamine is believed tobind to the PCP site in a stereoselective manner and blockthe ion flow in the channel. By blocking the flow ofcalcium ions into the cell, ketamine prevents the calcium concentration from building and triggering excitatorysynaptic transmissions in the brain and spinal cord.

생물학적 활성

Non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist (EC 50 values are 13.6 and 17.6 μ M for NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B subunit combinations respectively). Dissociative anesthetic.

Clinical Use

Like other dissociative anesthetics, ketamine isabused for its hallucinatory effects. Most of the illegallyused ketamine comes from stolen legitimate sources, particularlyfrom veterinary clinics or smuggled in fromMexico.
Ketamine is metabolized via N-demethylation to formthe main metabolite norketamine. Norketamine has aboutone third the potency of the parent compound. Minor metabolicpathways include hydroxylation of the cyclohexanonering; hydroxylation followed by glucuronide conjugation,and hydroxylation followed by dehydration to the cyclohexenonederivative.

부작용

The most serious disadvantage to the use of ketamine is its propensity to evoke excitatory and hallucinatory phenomena as the patient emerges from anesthesia. Patients in the recovery period may be agitated, scream and cry, hallucinate, or experience vivid dreams. These episodes may be controlled to some extent by maintaining a quiet reassuring atmosphere in which the patient can awaken or if necessary by administering tranquilizing doses of diazepam.
Other reported side effects include vomiting, salivation, lacrimation, shivering, skin rash, and an interaction with thyroid preparations that may lead to hypertension and tachycardia. Ketamine also may raise intracranial pressure and elevate pulmonary vascular resistance, especially in children with trauma or congenital heart disease. Increases in intraocular pressure also may occur, and vigilance is required if ketamine is used in ocular surgery.

Safety Profile

Poison by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects by intravenous and possibly other routes: analgesia, coma, hallucinations and distorted perceptions, dyspnea. An experimental teratogen. An anesthetic. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cland NOx.

Ketamine hydrochloride 준비 용품 및 원자재

원자재

준비 용품

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