Product Manager：Harrison Michael

With the increasing global issue of bacterial resistance and the frequent emergence of new infectious diseases, ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (RAMPs) have become a promising focus in antibiotic research. Antimicrobial peptides can be categorized into non-ribosomal peptides and ribosomally synthesized peptides. Non-ribosomally synthesized peptides primarily exist in bacteria and fungi. These peptides are assembled by peptide synthetases rather than ribosomes. Examples of non-ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides include gramicidin, bacitracin, polymyxin B, and vancomycin. These antibiotics have proven to be highly effective research tools, but their application is limited due to the emergence of resistant bacteria, such as vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci.

I. Sources and Characteristics of Ribosomally Synthesized Antimicrobial Peptides

RAMPs are derived from a wide range of organisms, from prokaryotes to humans. As a natural defense mechanism, antimicrobial peptides help hosts fend off millions of potential pathogens daily. These peptides also exhibit antiviral, antiparasitic, and antitumor activities. Literature has documented over 500 RAMPs, with their unique antibiotic spectra determined by their amino acid sequences and structural conformations. RAMPs are gene-encoded peptides consisting of 12 to 50 amino acids with minimal genetic overlap. The lack of sequence homology among RAMPs reflects evolutionary optimization of morphology and function within various species environments. Typically, RAMPs are cationic peptides with at least half of the amino acid residues being hydrophobic, and a few being neutral or negatively charged. Their amphipathic structure, with distinct hydrophobic and lipophilic faces, enables them to disrupt bacterial cell walls effectively.

II. Mechanism of Action

The action mechanism of RAMPs involves several key steps:

1. Binding to Bacterial Cell Surface: RAMPs initially bind to negatively charged components on the bacterial cell surface (e.g., lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria or acidic polysaccharides in Gram-positive bacteria) through electrostatic interactions.

2. Conformational Change: During binding, the peptides undergo conformational changes that facilitate their insertion and aggregation.

3. Aggregation of Multiple Peptide Monomers: Multiple peptide molecules aggregate on the bacterial cell membrane, forming pores or disrupting membrane integrity.

4. Pore Formation through Bacterial Cell Walls: This aggregation ultimately increases membrane permeability, forming transient pores that lead to the leakage of cellular contents and cell death.

The permeabilization mechanism of RAMPs includes several theoretical models: the barrel-stave model, the toroidal-pore model, and the carpet model. The barrel-stave model suggests peptides form barrel-like structures on the membrane; the toroidal-pore model proposes that peptides form toroidal-shaped channels; the carpet model describes peptides covering the membrane surface like a carpet, leading to membrane disruption and bacterial death.

III. Clinical Applications and Prospects

RAMPs show significant potential in clinical antimicrobial applications due to several advantages:

1. Effectiveness against Resistant Strains: RAMPs exhibit significant activity against various resistant bacterial strains.

2. Low Tendency to Select Resistant Mutants: RAMPs are less likely to select for resistant mutants and exhibit limited natural bacterial resistance.

3. Synergy with Conventional Antibiotics: RAMPs can work synergistically with conventional antibiotics, particularly against resistant mutants.

4. Efficacy in Animal Models: RAMPs have been shown to effectively kill bacteria in animal models.

5. Rapid Bacterial Killing: RAMPs can quickly kill bacteria, reducing the severity of infections.

6. Supplementary Effects: RAMPs provide beneficial supplementary effects, such as inhibiting sepsis.

Although RAMPs are ideal clinical candidates, predicting their in vivo activity is challenging due to their structural diversity. Designing functional synthetic biomimetics is a complex task, as minor changes in peptide sequence or conformation can significantly affect in vivo antibacterial and cytotoxic levels. While the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) can be as low as 18 μg/mL, predicting the ideal in vivo MIC based on in vitro data remains difficult. To obtain MIC, specificity, stability, and toxicity information, researchers have designed new synthetic antimicrobial peptides using bioinformatics databases related to RAMPs.

IV. Recent Applications and Advances in Antimicrobial Peptide Research

In recent years, antimicrobial peptide research has made significant progress. Researchers have utilized modern biotechnological methods, such as high-throughput screening and computer simulations, to discover and optimize various new antimicrobial peptides. These novel antimicrobial peptides have shown good antimicrobial activity and low toxicity in preclinical studies, laying a foundation for future clinical applications. Here are some practical examples:

1. Pexiganan: An antimicrobial peptide used for treating diabetic foot infections. Pexiganan has demonstrated excellent antimicrobial effects in clinical trials, particularly against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

2. Lantibiotics: Such as Nisin, these antimicrobial peptides are primarily used in food preservation, but research suggests they also have potential applications in treating resistant pathogens.

3. Defensins: A common class of antimicrobial peptides in mammals. Research has shown that they not only have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity but can also modulate the immune system and enhance resistance to viruses and tumors.

4. LL-37: A human-derived antimicrobial peptide that exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and shows potential in chronic wound healing and anti-inflammatory treatments.

Additionally, researchers have explored the potential applications of antimicrobial peptides in antiviral, antitumor, and immune regulation. Recent studies have shown that some antimicrobial peptides can enhance the body's resistance to viruses and tumors by modulating the immune system. For example, LL-37 not only has antimicrobial activity but also accelerates wound healing by inhibiting inflammatory responses.

Conclusion

The choice of an appropriate transfection technique depends on the experimental purpose, cell type, desired efficiency, and duration of gene expression. Chemical methods such as lipid transfection and calcium phosphate transfection are easy to perform and inexpensive, while physical methods such as electroporation and microinjection are efficient and precise. Virus transduction technology, especially the adenovirus and slow virus transduction, provides the high efficiency and stable gene expression ability. Each method has its own unique advantages and limitations; therefore, it is critical to tailor the method to the specific needs of the study.

With the development of transfection technology, which not only deepen our understanding of cellular processes, also promoted the development of new treatment strategies, highlights the central role in the study of these techniques in modern biology. Welcome to consult Aladdin to find experimental reagents related to cell transfection and promote research progress.

Aladdin：https://www.aladdinsci.com/