브롬화수소

브롬화수소 속성

브롬화수소 MSDS

Hydrogen bromide

브롬화수소 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

물성

브로민화 수소는 상온 상태에서는 신랄한 냄새가 나는 비휘발성 기체로, 습도 높은 공기와 접촉하면 수소산을 형성하기 시작한다. 물에 잘 녹으며, 298K에서 물에 용해하면 물 중량의 68.85%가 수소산화한 후 포화 상태가 된다. 전체 무게의 47.38%가 용해된 브롬화 수소로 구성된 물은 126 °C에서 끓는 공비 혼합물(azeotropte)이 되는데, 용해된 브로민화 수소의 비율이 더 낮을 경우 H2O는 브로민화 수소의 함유량이 47.38%에 이를 때까지 100 °C에서 계속 증발한다.

화학 반응

또 산소와 반응하여 물과 브로민을 생성하고, 오존과는 폭발적으로 반응하여 수소를 발생한다. 브로민과 수소를 가열한 백금해면이나 백금선 위를 통과시키면 생기는데, 붉은인을 물속에서 브로민과 반응시키거나 브로민화물에 비휘발성의 산을 작용시켜도 생기며, 이것을 분별증류하여 정제하면 순수한 것을 얻을 수 있다. 각종 브로민화물의 합성, 브로민화수소산의 제조, 환원제, 촉매(유기합성), 의약품의 원료 등에 사용된다. 눈·피부·점막·호흡기를 침범한다.

개요

브로민화 수소(Hydrogen bromide, HBr)는 상온 상태에서는 무색의 기체이다. 물에 용해하면 브로민화 수소산을 얻게 되고, 반대로 탈수제의 첨가를 통해 수소산에서 추출해낼 수도 있지만, 수소산이 용해된 물을 단순히 증류시키는 방법으로는 같은 효과를 기대할 수 없다. 브로민화 수소산은 동일 물질은 아니나 역시 HBr로 쓰이기 때문에 가끔 혼동을 줄 수가 있다.

용도

브로민화 수소로 알코올에서 브로민화 알킬(alkyl bromide)을 추출한다.
ROH + HBr → RBr + H2O
알켄에서 분리한 브로민을 첨가해 중요한 유기브로민 화합물(organobromine compound)의 하나인 브로모알케인(bromoalkane)을 이룬다.
RCH=CH2 + HBr → RCHBr–CH3
알카인에 첨가하여 브로모알켄(bromoalkene)을 생산한다. 입체화학에서는 이런 류의 첨가 반응을 안티(anti)라고 한다.
RC≡CH + HBr → RCBr=CH2
할로알켄(haloalkene)에 첨가하여 두 브로민 원자가 탄소 원자와 연결된 이중 할로알케인(dihaloalkane)을 만든다. 이런 첨가 반응은 마르코프니코프의 법칙(Markovnikov's rule)을 따른다.
RCBr=CH2 + HBr → RCBr2–CH3
브로민화 수소는 에폭시 화합물(epoxide)이나 락톤(lactone)을 열거나 브로모아세탈(bromoacetal)을 합성하는 데에도 쓰이고, 촉매 용도로도 사용된다.

준비

브로민화 수소는 여러 방법으로 합성할 수 있다. 편리한 방법의 하나는 브로민화 소듐(NaBr)과 강산을 이용하는 것인데, 생성된 브로민화 수소를 다시 산화해버리는 황산은 예외이다.
2 NaBr + H2SO4 → 2 Hbr + Na2SO4
과정 도중에 일어나는
2 HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O
반응으로 인해 HBr를 제대로 얻을 수 없다. 브로민화 수소를 산화하지 않는 인산 등은 써도 무방하다.
3 NaBr + H3PO4 → 3 Hbr + Na3PO4
테트랄린(tetralin - 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene)을 사용하면 이렇게 된다.
C10H12 + 4 Br2 → C10H8Br4 + 4 HBr
아인산을 활용한 방식도 있다.
Br2 + H3PO3 + H2O → H3PO4 + 2 HBr
무수의 브로민화 수소는 환류하는 자일렌(xylene) 내 트라이페닐포스포늄(triphenylphosphonium)의 열분해(thermal decomposition)를 통해서도 소량을 생산할 수 있다.

개요

Hydrobromic Acid is a strong acid formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule HBr in water. “Constant-boiling” hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution that distills at 124.3°C and contains 47.6% HBr by weight. Hydrobromic acid has a pKa of 9, making it a stronger acid than hydrochloric acid, but not as strong as HI, hydroiodic acid. Hydrobromic acid is one of the strongest mineral acids known.
Hydrobromic acid is mainly used for the production of inorganic bromides, especially the bromides of zinc, calcium, and sodium. It is a useful reagent for generating organobromine compounds. Certain ethers are cleaved with HBr. It also catalyzes alkylation reactions and the extraction of certain ores. Industrially significant organic compounds prepared from hydrobromic acid include allyl bromide, tetrabromobis(phenol), and bromoacetic acid. Hydrobromic acid can be prepared in the laboratory via the reaction of Br2, SO2 and water. Another laboratory preparation involves the production of anhydrous HBr, which is then dissolved in water.
Hydrobromic acid has commonly been prepared industrially by reacting bromine with either sulfur or phosphorous and water. However, it can also be produced electrolytically. It can also be prepared by treating bromides with nonoxidizing acids like phosphoric or acetic acids. Hydrobromic acid is available commercially in various concentrations and purities.

화학적 성질

colourless liquid with a strong irritating odour

물리적 성질

Colorless gas; fumes in moist air; pungent acrid odor; nonflammable; heav-ier than air; density 2.71 (air=1.0); gas density 3.55 g/L at 25°C; liquefies at-66.4°C; solidifies at -86.8°C; critical temperature 89.8°C; critical pressure84.5 atm; highly soluble in water (saturated aqueous solution contains 66%HBr at 25°C); forms a constant-boiling azeotrope at 47.5% HBr in solution,boiling at 126°C at atmospheric pressure; soluble in alcohol; a 0.10Maqueoussolution is 93% ionized to H+and Br ? ions at 18°C.

용도

Hydrogen bromide is used as a reagent and catalyst in several types of organic reactions such as the formation of alkyl bromides from alcohols.
It is also used as a source material in the preparation of inorganic bromides. Hydrogen bromide serves as a catalyst in alkylation reactions. It has also been reportedly used in the controlled oxidation of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons to peroxides, ketones, and acids. In organic synthesis, hydrogen bromide is used to substitute bromine for aliphatic chlorine in the presence of aluminum catalyst.

정의

Hydrogen bromide in aqueous solution.

제조 방법

Hydrogen bromide gas may be produced by combustion of hydrogen inbromine vapor at 37.5°C using a catalyst such as platinized asbestos or pla-tinized silica gel. Unreacted free bromine is removed from the product bypassing the gaseous product mixture over hot activated charcoal. Hydrogenbromide formed may be absorbed in water to obtain the acid; or may be cooledand liquefied for shipment in cylinders.
Hydrobromic acid may be prepared in the laboratory by distillation of asolution of potassium bromide with dilute sulfuric acid:
2KBr + H₂SO₄ → K₂SO₄ + HBr
The acid may be prepared by several other methods, as well, including reac-tion of bromine either with sulfur and water; or with phosphorus and water:
2Br₂ + S + 2H₂O → 4HBr + SO₂
Hydrobromic acid also may be prepared by hydrogen exchange with a sodiumor potassium bromide solution when the solution is passed through a cation-exchange resin.
Hydrobromic acid is stored and shipped in drums, tanks, carboys, or bot-tles, labeled as corrosive materials. The anhydrous gas is stored and shippedin cylinders under its vapor pressure.

일반 설명

Hydrobromic acid solution (HBr) is a clear, yellow or brown colored liquid. Its reaction with K has been studied by a molecular beam technique.

공기와 물의 반응

Acrid odor, fumes in moist air forming clouds containing hydrobromic acid. Heat of solution large, [Merck, 11th ed., 1989].

반응 프로필

HYDROGEN BROMIDE is an anhydrous (no water) strong acid. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with bases of all kinds (including amines and amides). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate, calcium phosphide, calcium carbide.

위험도

Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes and skin.

건강위험

Hydrobromic acid and hydrogen bromide gas are highly corrosive substances that can cause severe burns upon contact with all body tissues. The aqueous acid and gas are strong eye irritants and lacrimators. Contact of concentrated hydrobromic acid or concentrated HBr vapor with the eyes may cause severe injury, resulting in permanent impairment of vision and possible blindness. Skin contact with the acid or HBr gas can produce severe burns. Ingestion can lead to severe burns of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal system and can be fatal. Inhalation of hydrogen bromide gas can cause extreme irritation and injury to the upper respiratory tract and lungs, and exposure to high concentrations may cause death. HBr gas is regarded as having adequate warning properties.
Hydrogen bromide has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.

화재위험

Behavior in Fire: Pressurized container may explode and release toxic, irritating vapor.

인화성 및 폭발성

Noncombustible, but contact with metals may produce highly flammable hydrogen gas.

Materials Uses

Hydrogen bromide does not aggressively attack common metals of construction while in the anhydrous state. However, in the presence of moisture, hydrogen bromide will attack most metals except platinum and silver. Galvanized pipe, brass, and bronze should be avoided. Steel, Monel, and aluminum-silicon-bronze have proven satisfactory in anhydrous hydrogen bromide service.

저장

Splash goggles and rubber gloves should be worn when handling this acid, and containers of HBr should be stored in a wellventilated location separated from incompatible metals. Water should never be added to HBr because splattering may result; always add acid to water. Containers of hydrobromic acid should be stored in secondary plastic trays to avoid corrosion of metal storage shelves due to drips or spills.
Cylinders of hydrogen bromide should be stored in cool, dry locations, separated from alkali metals and other incompatible substances.

Purification Methods

A solution of aqueous HBr ca 48% (w/w, constant boiling) is purified by distilling twice with a little red phosphorus, and the middle half of the distillate is taken. (The azeotrope at 760mm contains 47.8% (w/w) HBr.) [Hetzer et al. J Phys Chem 66 1423 1962]. Free bromine can be removed by Irvine and Wilson's method for HI (see above), except that the column is regenerated by washing with an ethanolic solution of aniline or styrene. Hydrobromic acid can also be purified by aerating with H2S, distilling and collecting the fraction boiling at 125-127o. [Heisig & Andur Inorg Synth I 155 1939.] HARMFUL VAPOURS.

비 호환성

Hydrobromic acid and hydrogen bromide react violently with many metals with the generation of highly flammable hydrogen gas, which may explode. Reaction with oxidizers such as permanganates, chlorates, chlorites, and hypochlorites may produce chlorine or bromine.

폐기물 처리

In many localities, hydrobromic acid or the residue from a spill may be disposed of down the drain after appropriate dilution and neutralization. Otherwise, hydrobromic acid and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. Excess hydrogen bromide in cylinders should be returned to the manufacturer. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

브롬화수소 준비 용품 및 원자재

원자재

준비 용품

브롬화수소 공급 업체

공급자	전화	이메일	국가	제품 수	이점
Shanghai Bojing Chemical Co.,Ltd.	+86-86-02137122233 +8613795318958	bj1@bj-chem.com	China	298	55
Nanjing Deda New Material Technology Ltd.	+8613223281135	niki@njdeda.com	China	75	58
Henan Tianfu Chemical Co.,Ltd.	+86-0371-55170693 +86-19937530512	info@tianfuchem.com	China	21689	55
Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.	+86-0551-65418679 +86-18949832763	info@tnjchem.com	China	2989	55
Shanxi Naipu Import and Export Co.,Ltd	+86-13734021967 +8613734021967	kaia@neputrading.com	China	1011	58
career henan chemical co	+86-0371-86658258	sales@coreychem.com	China	29914	58
Hubei Jusheng Technology Co.,Ltd.	18871490254	linda@hubeijusheng.com	CHINA	28180	58
Xiamen AmoyChem Co., Ltd	+86-592-6051114 +8618959220845	sales@amoychem.com	China	6387	58
Henan Xiangtong Chemical Co., Ltd.	86-371-61312303	info@hnxtchem.com	CHINA	292	58
Hubei xin bonus chemical co. LTD	86-13657291602	linda@hubeijusheng.com	CHINA	22968	58

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