139298-40-1

After 2 days of KN-93 treatment, 95% of cells are arrested in G1. G1 arrest is reversible; 1 day after KN-93 release, a peak of cells had progressed into S and G2-M. KN-93 also blocks cell growth stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and epidermal growth factor in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. KN-93 inhibits the H ⁺ , K ⁺ -ATPase activity but strongly dissipates the proton gradient formed in the gastric membrane vesicles and reduces the volume of luminal space. KN-93 (0.5 μM) prevents increased LV developed pressure during action potential prolongation and early afterdepolarizations. Ca ²⁺ -independent CaM kinase activity is increased during early afterdepolarizations and this increase is prevented by KN-93. KN-93 (10 μM )significantly inhibits the activation of CaMKII/NF-κB signaling induced by elevated glucose, and subsequently decreases the expression of VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1 in Müller cells.

KN-93 (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) inhibits retinal vascular leakage induced by diabetes, and suppresses phosphorylation of CaMKII and NF-κB in diabetic retina.