Plutonium

Plutonium Struktur
7440-07-5
CAS-Nr.
7440-07-5
Bezeichnung:
Plutonium
Englisch Name:
Plutonium
Synonyma:
94Pu;plutonium;plutonium atom;Plutonium ISO 9001:2015 REACH
CBNumber:
CB61304936
Summenformel:
Pu
Molgewicht:
244
MOL-Datei:
7440-07-5.mol

Plutonium Eigenschaften

Schmelzpunkt:
640 ±2°
Siedepunkt:
3228°C (estimate)
Dichte
d21 19.86; d190 17.70; d235 17.14; d320 15.92; d405 16.00; d490 16.51
Aggregatzustand
silvery-white metal
Farbe
silvery-white metal; monoclinic
IARC
1 (Vol. 78, 100D) 2012
EPA chemische Informationen
Plutonium (7440-07-5)

Sicherheit

Toxizität The toxic effects of inhaled plutonium vary with the dose, high doses in the dog causing death from radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis within a relatively short time, those dogs surviving more than 1000 days dying from neoplasias although fibrosis is apparent. If the form inhaled is the relatively insoluble plutonium oxide, much remains in the lung until transported to the lymph nodes. Soluble forms are transported out of the lung and appear in the liver and skeleton. Injected plutonium citrate behaves as the soluble forms mobilized from the lung, causing primarily bone cancers and, less commonly, liver cancers.

Plutonium Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

Beschreibung

Plutonium was first isolated and produced in 1941 at the University of California-Berkeley, by nuclear chemist Glenn T. Seaborg and his colleagues, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl. Minute amounts of plutonium exist naturally, but large amounts are produced in nuclear reactors when uranium absorbs an atomic particle such as a neutron.
Natural occurrences of plutonium are very rare, but it can occur in a reaction called spontaneous fission. This type of reaction occurs when ores of uranium with a high localized concentration decay in the right conditions and produce small amounts of plutonium. Synthetic plutonium is produced in a controlled nuclear reactor when uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and becomes uranium-239, ultimately decaying to plutonium-239. Plutonium has at least 15 different isotopes. Different isotopes of uranium and different combinations of neutron absorption and radioactive decay create the different isotopes of plutonium. Plutonium was discovered during wartime; therefore, the majority of plutonium production was for nuclear weapons. Other plutonium applications range from being energy sources on deep space probes to small amounts providing power to heart pacemakers.

Chemische Eigenschaften

silvery white metal; highly reactive; αform: monoclinic, a=0.6183 nm, b=0.4822 nm, c=1.0963 nm; ionic radius of Pu++++ is 0.0887nm; stable form from room temp to 115°C; enthalpy of vaporization 333.5kJ/mol; enthalpy of fusion 2.82kJ/mol; discovered in 1940–1941; prepared in ton quantities in nuclear reactors; 238Pu produced in kg amounts from 237Np; important fuel for producing power for terrestrial and extraterrestrial applications [MER06] [KIR78] [CRC10]

History

The name of Pu derives from the planet Pluto, (the Roman god of the underworld). Pluto was selected because it is the next planet in the solar system beyond the planet Neptune and the element plutonium is the next element in the period table beyond neptunium. Plutonium was first synthesized in 1940 by American chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy and Arthur C. Wahl at Berkeley, California, in the nuclear reaction 238U(2H, 2n) 238Np → β − → 238Pu. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 80 million year 244Pu.

Verwenden

The principal plutonium isotopes, 239Pu and 240Pu, were produced as ingredients for nuclear weapons. It is estimated that the United States produced 400 kCi of plutonium for nuclear weapons testing, and approximately 325 kCi was dispersed globally into the environment from conducted aboveground tests. Overall, an estimated 500 aboveground nuclear tests were conducted between 1945 and 1963 by the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and the United States. From these tests, it is estimated 100 000 kCi of plutonium were dispersed into the environment.
Applications for 238Pu include using it as a heat source for thermoelectric power devices. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) have been used to provide a source of power in remote locations, such as deep space probes. This plutonium isotope generates a large amount of heat through its decay process. The generated heat is converted into electric power via a thermocouple in the RTG. Small-scale application of 238Pu is also used to provide power to heart pacemakers. The concept behind the use of this material is a result of the half-life of the isotope, since its half-life is extremely long, changing out the power source is not necessary.

Plutonium Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte

Upstream-Materialien

Downstream Produkte


Plutonium Anbieter Lieferant Produzent Hersteller Vertrieb Händler.

Global( 4)Lieferanten
Firmenname Telefon E-Mail Land Produktkatalog Edge Rate
Hubei Jusheng Technology Co.,Ltd.
18871490254
linda@hubeijusheng.com CHINA 28180 58
Shaanxi Dideu Medichem Co. Ltd
+86-029-89586680 +86-18192503167
1026@dideu.com China 8853 58
Hu Bei Jiutian Bio-medical Technology CO.,Ltd
027-88013699 17354350817
Ryan@jiutian-bio.com China 7431 58

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