Apfelsure Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
R37/38:Reizt die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R41:Gefahr ernster Augenschäden.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S39:Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
Verwenden
Malic acid, HOOCCH(OH).CH2COOH, also known as hydroxysuccinic acid, is a colorless solid. It is soluble in water and alcohol. Malic acid exists in two optically active forms and a racemic mixture. It is used in medicine and found in apples and other fruits.
The naturally occuring isomer is the L-form which has been found in apples and many other fruits and plants. Selective α-amino protecting reagent for amino acid derivatives. Versatile synthon for the preparation of chiral compounds including κ-opioid rece
Definition
ChEBI: Malic acid is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group. It has a role as a food acidity regulator and a fundamental metabolite. It is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid. It derives from a succinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a malate(2-) and a malate.
Vorbereitung Methode
Malic acid is manufactured by hydrating maleic and fumaric acids
in the presence of suitable catalysts. The malic acid formed is then
separated from the equilibrium product mixture.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
The chiral resolution of DL-malic acid by ligand-exchange capillary electrophoresis was studied.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
Malic acid is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a generalpurpose
acidulant. It possesses a slight apple flavor and is used as a
flavoring agent to mask bitter tastes and provide tartness. Malic
acid is also used as an alternative to citric acid in effervescent
powders, mouthwashes, and tooth-cleaning tablets.
In addition, malic acid has chelating and antioxidant properties.
It may be used with butylated hydroxytoluene as a synergist in order
to retard oxidation in vegetable oils. In food products it may be used
in concentrations up to 420 ppm.
Therapeutically, malic acid has been used topically in combination
with benzoic acid and salicylic acid to treat burns, ulcers, and
wounds. It has also been used orally and parenterally, either
intravenously or intramuscularly, in the treatment of liver disorders,
and as a sialagogue.
Mechanism of action
Malic acid is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract from whence it is transported via the portal circulation to the liver. There are a few enzymes that metabolize malic acid. Malic enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate with concomitant reduction of the cofactor NAD+ (oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) or NADP+ (oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These reactions require the divalent cations magnesium or manganese. Three isoforms of malic enzyme have been identified in mammals: a cytosolic NADP+-dependent malic enzyme, a mitochondrial NADP+- dependent malic enzyme and a mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme. The latter can use either NAD+ or NADP+ as the cofactor but prefers NAD+. Pyruvate formed from malate can itself be metabolized in a number of ways, including metabolism via a number of metabolic steps to glucose. Malate can also be metabolized to oxaloacetate via the citric acid cycle. The mitochondrial malic enzyme, particularly in brain cells may play a key role in the pyruvate recycling pathway, which utilizes dicarboxylic acids and substrates, such as glutamine, to provide pyruvate to maintain the citric acid cycle activity when glucose and lactate are low.
Sicherheitsprofil
A poison by
intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by
ingestion. A skin and severe eye irritant.
When heated to decomposition it emits
acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Sicherheit(Safety)
Malic acid is used in oral, topical, and parenteral pharmaceutical
formulations in addition to food products, and is generally regarded
as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material. However,
concentrated solutions may be irritant.
LD
50 (rat, oral): 1.6 g/kg(3)
LD
50 (rat, IP): 0.1 g/kg
Lager
Malic acid is stable at temperatures up to 150°C. At temperatures
above 150°C it begins to lose water very slowly to yield fumaric
acid; complete decomposition occurs at about 180°C to give
fumaric acid and maleic anhydride.
Malic acid is readily degraded by many aerobic and anaerobic
microorganisms. Conditions of high humidity and elevated
temperatures should be avoided to prevent caking.
The effects of grinding and humidity on malic acid have also
been investigated.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container, in
a cool, dry place.
läuterung methode
Crystallise the acid from acetone, then from acetone/CCl4, or from ethyl acetate by adding pet ether (b 60-70o). Dry it at 35o under 1mm pressure to avoid formation of the anhydride. [Beilstein 3 IV 1124.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Malic acid can react with oxidizing materials. Aqueous solutions
are mildly corrosive to carbon steels.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Both the racemic mixture and the levorotatory isomer
are accepted as food additives in Europe. The DL and L forms are
included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral preparations).
Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed
in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Nonmedicinal
Ingredients.
Apfelsure Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
