Ezetimibe Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
Chemische Eigenschaften
White Solid
History
Ezetimibe (brand name Zetia) was approved by the FDA in October 2002 for lowering levels of total cholesterol and LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood. Zetia is used to treat high cholesterol in people whose cholesterol levels cannot be controlled by diet and exercise alone. It is sometimes given in combination with other cholesterol-lowering drugs, including fenofibrate, or statins, such as atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, or fluvastatin.
Verwenden
Ezetimibe (9) was approved as the first hypolipidemic
drug to act by blocking the absorption of dietary cholesterol.
This drug was discovered by Schering-Plough and is codeveloped
and co-marketed by Merck and Schering-Plough
for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and also two less
common forms of hyperlipidemia: homozygous familial
hypercholesterolemia and homozygous sitosterolemia.
Definition
ChEBI: Ezetimibe is a beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer). It has a role as an anticholesteremic drug, an antilipemic drug and an antimetabolite. It is a member of azetidines, an organofluorine compound and a beta-lactam.
Biologische Funktion
Ezetimibe lowers plasma cholesterol levels by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol at the brush border of the small intestine.
Specifically, it has been proposed to bind to a specific transport protein located in the wall of the small intestine, resulting in a reduction
of cholesterol transport and absorption. Ezetimibe appears to be selective in its actions in that it does not interfere with the
absorption of triglycerides, lipid-soluble vitamins or other nutrients. The decreased absorption of cholesterol eventually leads to enhanced receptor-mediated LDL uptake similar to that seen with bile acid sequestrants and HMGRIs. When used as
monotherapy, the decreased absorption of cholesterol causes a compensatory increase in cholesterol biosynthesis. This is similar to
that described for bile acid sequestrants and is insufficient to override the overall LDL lowering effects of ezetimibe.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Ezetimibe, (3R,4S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-((3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone (Zetia), is an antihyperlipidemicagent that has usefulness in lowering cholesterol levels. Itacts by decreasing cholesterol absorption in the intestine byblocking the absorption of the sterol at the Brush boarder.Specifically, the -lactam binds to the Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) protein on the gastrointestinal tract that isresponsible for cholesterol absorption. Although it may beused alone, it is marketed as a combination product withsimvastatin under the trade name Vytorin.
Pharmakokinetik
Ezetimibe is administered orally; however, its absolute bioavailability cannot be determined because of its aqueous insolubility and the
lack of an injectable formulation. Based on area under the curve values, the oral absorption ranges from 35 to 60%. Mean peak
concentrations of the active glucuronidated metabolite are reached within 1 to 2 hours. Both ezetimibe and its glucuronide conjugate are
extensively bound (>90%) to plasma proteins. The relative plasma concentrations of ezetimibe and its glucuronide conjugate range from
10 to 20% and from 80 to 90%, respectively. Both compounds have a long half-life of approximately 22 hours. The coadministration of
food with ezetimibe has no effect on the extent of absorption.
Clinical Use
Ezetimibe is indicated as monotherapy or in combination with an HMGRI for the reduction of elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol,
and apoB in patients with primary (heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) hypercholesterolemia. When used as monotherapy, ezetimibe
reduces LDL cholesterol by approximately 18%. When used in combination therapy with an HMGRI, LDL levels are reduced by 25 to 65%
depending on the dose of the HMGRI inhibitor. Ezetimibe also is indicated for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in combination
with either atorvastatin or simvastatin and for homozygous familial sitosterolemia. All indications are for patients who have not
responded to diet, exercise, and other nonpharmacological methods.
Nebenwirkungen
Ezetimibe generally is well tolerated. The most common adverse effects are listed above. Whenever ezetimibe is used in combination
with an HMGRI, the incidence of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis does not increase above that seen with HMGRI monotherapy.
Stoffwechsel
Following oral administration, ezetimibe is rapidly and extensively metabolized in the intestinal wall and the liver to its active metabolite,
a corresponding phenol glucuronide. This glucuronide is reexcreted in the bile back to its active site. A small amount (<5%) of ezetimibe
undergoes oxidation to covert the benzylic hydroxyl group to a ketone; however, ezetimibe does not appear to exert any significant effect
on the activity of CYP450 enzymes.
Ezetimibe Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
