TOXAPHENE
- CAS No.
- 8001-35-2
- Chemical Name:
- TOXAPHENE
- Synonyms
- CAMPHECHLOR;Motox;TOXAPHEN;TOXAPHANE;CHLORINATED CAMPHENE;Toxaphene camphechlor;3956;PChK;m5055;alltox
- CBNumber:
- CB3669233
- Molecular Formula:
- C10H15Cl
- Molecular Weight:
- 170.6791
- MOL File:
- 8001-35-2.mol
- Modify Date:
- 2023/4/23 13:52:06
| Melting point | 65-90℃ |
|---|---|
| Density | 1.65 |
| vapor pressure | 15.8 at 25 °C (2,2,5-endo-6-exo-8,9,10-heptachlorobornane, toxaphene component, Hinckley etal., 1990) |
| Flash point | 4 °C |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | 120 g/L in alcohol at 25–30 °C (quoted, Meites, 1963) |
| form | Yellow waxy solid |
| Water Solubility | 0.4mg/L(25 ºC) |
| Merck | 13,9633 |
| Henry's Law Constant | 0.99 at 10 °C, 3.56 at 20 °C, 6.81 at 30 °C, 8.49 at 35 °C, 14.8 at 40 °C (gas stripping, Jantunen and Bidleman, 2000) |
| Exposure limits | NIOSH REL: IDLH 200 mg/m3; OSHA PEL: TWA 0.5 mg/m3; ACGIH TLV: TWA 0.5 mg/m3, STEL 1 mg/m3. |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with alkali, strong oxidizers. Heat and light sensitive. |
| IARC | 2B (Vol. Sup 7, 79) 2001 |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Toxaphene (8001-35-2) |
SAFETY
Risk and Safety Statements
| Symbol(GHS) |     GHS02, GHS06, GHS08, GHS09 |
|---|---|
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H225-H301+H311+H331-H370-H411 |
| Precautionary statements | P210-P280-P302+P352+P312-P304+P340+P312-P370+P378-P403+P235 |
| Hazard Codes | T,N,Xn,F,Xi |
| Risk Statements | 21-25-37/38-40-50/53-67-65-38-11-36/37/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-51/53 |
| Safety Statements | 36/37-45-60-61-62-33-16-36-26 |
| RIDADR | 2761 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | XW5250000 |
| HazardClass | 6.1(b) |
| PackingGroup | III |
| Toxicity | LD50 in male, female rats (mg/kg): 90, 80 orally; 1075, 780 dermally (Gaines) |
| IDLA | 200 mg/m3 |
TOXAPHENE Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Chemical Properties
yellow waxy solid
Physical properties
Yellow, waxy, nonflammable solid with a chlorine or terpene-like odor. Odor threshold concentration from water is 140 μg/L (quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992).
Uses
Toxaphene is an insecticide that contains over 200–700 chemicals and can exist as an yellow to amber solid or gas. Heavily used in the United States until 1982, its use was completely banned in 1990. Toxaphene was used primarily to control insects on cotton crops in the southern United States; it has also been used to control pests on livestock and to control unwanted fish in aquatic environments. Reports have indicated that fish are low metabolizers of toxaphene, whereas other aquatic life such as snails can be extensive metabolizers, thus reducing the toxicity of toxaphene to aquatic life other than fish (Isensee et al., 1979).
General Description
Yellow, waxy solid with a pleasant piney odor. Used as an insecticide, primarily for cotton and early growth stages of vegetables. Also peas, soybeans, peanut, corn, and wheat. Not produced commercially in the U.S. since 1982. Only registered for scabies control on cattle in the U.S.
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
TOXAPHENE is decomposed by sunlight and heat. TOXAPHENE is decomposed in the presence of alkali. TOXAPHENE is corrosive to iron. TOXAPHENE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. TOXAPHENE is non corrosive in the absence of moisture.
Hazard
Carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Highly toxic by ingestion; moderately toxicby skin contact and inhalation; may causeskin irritation and allergic dermatitis; causedadverse reproductive effects in experimentalanimals; ingestion of about 1.5–3 g may befatal to adult human; toxic effects in animals include central nervous system stimulation, tremors, convulsions, and liver injury;oral LD50 value (rats): ～100 mg/kg: sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals,causing liver cancer; RCRA Waste Number P123.
LD50 oral (rat): 50 mg/kg
LD50 skin (rat): 600 mg/kg
Studies on the cancer risk assessment oftoxaphene in rodents have shown that itincreased incidence of neoplasms of endocrine organs, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal andmammary glands and reproductive systems(Buranatrevedth 2004).
Fire Hazard
Container may explode in heat of fire. Toxic vapors are generated when heated. Releases hydrochloric acid in the presence of alkali, on prolonged exposure to sunlight, and at temperatures above 311F. Avoid strong oxidizers, corrosive to iron.
Safety Profile
Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Human poison by ingestion and possibly other routes. Experimental poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and possibly other routes. Moderately toxic experimentally by inhalation and skin contact. Human systemic effects by ingestion and skin contact: somnolence, convulsions or effect on seizure threshold, coma, and allergic skin dermatitis. A skin irritant; absorbed through the skin. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. Liver injury has been reported. Lethal amounts of toxaphene can enter the body through the mouth, lungs, and skin. Systemic absorption of the insecticide is increased by the presence of lgestible oils, and liquid preparations of the insecticide, which penetrate the skin more readily than do dusts and wettable powders.A toxic mixture of organochlorine pesticides stored to some extent in body fat. It resembles chlordane and, to some extent, camphor in its physiological action. It causes diffuse stimulation of the brain and spinal cord resulting in generahzed convulsions of a tonic or clonic character. Death usually results from respiratory failure. Detoxification appears to occur in the liver. The lethal ingestion dose for humans is estimated to be 2-7 g, a toxicity of about four times that of DDT. At least seven human deaths have been reported due to toxaphene, all in chddren. Two families have been made ill by eating vegetables containing a large residue of toxaphene. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-.
Carcinogenicity
Toxaphene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Soil. Under reduced soil conditions, about 50% of the C-Cl bonds were cleaved
(dechlorinated) by Fe2+ porphyrins forming two major toxicants having molecular formulas
C10H10Cl8 (Toxicant A) and C10H11Cl7 (Toxicant B). Toxicant A reacted with reduced
hematin yielding two reductive dechlorination products (C10H11Cl7), two dehydrodechlo-
rination products (C10H9Cl7) and two other products (C10H10Cl6). Similarly, products
formed from the reaction of Toxicant B with reduced hematin included two reductive
dechlorination products (C10H12Cl6), one dehydrochlorination product (C10H10Cl6) and two
products having the molecular formula C10H11Cl5 (Khalifa et al., 1976). The reported
dissipation rate of toxaphene from soil is 0.010/day (Seiber et al., 1979).
Photolytic. Dehydrochlorination will occur after prolonged exposure to sunlight releas-
ing hydrochloric acid (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989). Two
compounds isolated from toxaphene, 2-exo,3-exo,5,5,6-endo,8,9,10,10-nonachlor
Chemical/Physical. Saleh and Casida (1978) demonstrated that Toxicant B (2,2,5-
endo,6-exo,8,9,10-heptachlorobornane), the most active component of toxaphene, under-
went reductive dechlorination at the geminal dichloro position yielding 2-endo,
Toxaphene will slowly undergo hydrolysis resulting in the loss of chlorine atoms and
the formation of hydrochloric acid (Kollig, 1993). The hydrolysis rate constant for tox-
aphene at pH 7 and 25°C was determined to be 8 × 10–6/hour, resulting in a half-life of
9.9 years (Ellington et al., 1987).
Emits toxic chloride fumes when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1990).
TOXAPHENE Preparation Products And Raw materials
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