BHC 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
1,2,3,4,5,6-ヘキサクロロシクロヘキサン略称BHC．ベンゼンヘキサクロリドともいう．紫外線またはアルカリの存在下で，ベンゼンに塩素を付加させてつくる．理論上8種類の異性体があり，すべて知られている．粗生成物の組成は，α 64％，β 10％，γ 13％，δ 9％，その他4％．一般に水に不溶，有機溶剤に可溶性の結晶で，蒸気は粘膜を刺激する．γ-およびα-異性体は殺虫力が強く，前者はとくに，ガメキサン(gammexan)とよばれる．融点は，α 158 ℃，β 312 ℃，γ 112.5 ℃，δ 138 ℃，ε 219 ℃，η 99 ℃．吸入すると頭痛，吐き気，下痢などの亜急性毒性，肝臓障害の慢性毒性を示す．農薬，衛生用殺虫剤として多量に使われたが，環境問題が生じて，現在は使用されていない．LD50 α 177，γ 91～190，δ 1000 mg/kg(ラット，経口).
化学的特性
BHC is a white-to-brownish crystalline solid
with a musty, phosgene-like odor.
使用
Insecticide.
定義
An environmentally persistent constituent of a wide
variety of agricultural, medical, and veterinary
products.
一般的な説明
White to yellow powder or flakes. Musty odor. The gamma isomer is known as lindane, a systemic insecticide. Toxic by ingestion or inhalation.
反応プロフィール
Halogenated aliphatic compounds, such as HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE, are moderately or very reactive. Reactivity generally decreases with increased degree of substitution of halogen for hydrogen atoms. Materials in this group may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.
危険性
Highly toxic; questionable carcinogen.
職業ばく露
The major commercial usage of BHC
is based upon its insecticidal properties. α-BCH is used as
an Agricultural chemical, pesticide, pharmaceutical, and
veterinary drug. The 7-isomer has the highest acute toxic ity, but the other isomers are not without activity. It is gen erally advantageous to purify the 7-isomer from the less
active isomers. The γ-isomer acts on the nervous system of
insects, principally at the level of the nerve ganglia. As a
result, lindane has been used against insects in a wide range
of applications including treatment of animals, buildings,
humans for ectoparasites, clothes; water for mosquitoes;
living plants; seeds and soils. Some applications have been
abandoned due to excessive residues, e.g., stored food stuffs. By voluntary action, the principal domestic producer
of technical grade BHC requested cancellation of its BHC
registrations on September 1, 1976. As of July 21, 1978, all
registrants of pesticide products containing BHC voluntar ily canceled their registrations or switched their former
BHC products to lindane formulations.
発がん性
A bioassay of lindane of the NCI
was published in 1977. The compound was administered
for 80 weeks to groups of Osborne–Mendel rats and
B6C3F1 mice. Time-weighted dietary levels for male rats
were 236 or 472 ppm; for female rats, 135 or 270 ppm; and for
male and female mice, 80 or 160 ppm. Results were as
follows: in rats, no tumors occurred at a statistically
significant incidence in the treated groups of either sex but
(2) in mice, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in lowdose
males was significant when compared with that in the
pooled controls (controls 5/49, low dose 19/49, p = 0.001).
This finding, by itself, is insufficient to establish the carcinogenicity
of lindane. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma
in high-dose male mice was not significantly
different from that in matched or pooled controls. It is
concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay lindane
was not carcinogenic for Osborne–Mendel rats or B6C3F1
mice.
As with most other chlorinated insecticides, lindane has
been shown to exhibit tumor promotional activity, possibly
via inhibition of intercellular communication. Lindane
exposures do inhibit formation of liver tumors following
exposures to aflatoxin B1, suggesting an activity other than
tumor promotion for lindane. Enhancement of enzymatic
deactivation of aflatoxin via induction of microsomal
enzymes may play a role in this phenomenon.
The combination of lindane’s lack of significant mutagenic
activity, its tumor promotional properties, and the lack
of epidemiologic evidence suggest that lindane poses a
minimal to nonexistent risk of cancer to humans under
reasonable and prescribed use conditions.
輸送方法
UN2761 Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
不和合性
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explo sions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Decomposes on contact
with powdered iron, aluminum, zinc, and on contact with
strong bases producing trichlorobenzene.
廃棄物の処理
A process has been developed
for the destructive pyrolysis of benzene hexachloride @
400 500℃ with a catalyst mixture which contains 5 10%
of either cupric chloride, ferric chloride; zinc chloride; or
aluminum chloride on activated carbon.
BHC 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品