휘발유 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산
개요
Gasoline is a product of petroleum refining that varies in
composition and often includes additives such as antiknock
agents, antioxidants, lubricants, and detergents. Tetraethyl lead
was one of these additives, and use of leaded gasoline as fuel
was responsible for much of the human body burden of this
metal for a number of years. However, the phase out of lead
from gasoline during the past three decades (in the United
States and Europe) has led to an over 90% reduction in human
blood lead levels. More recently, other additives such as
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and methyl
t-butyl ether have been foci of concern because of possible
adverse environmental impacts of these compounds.
화학적 성질
Gasoline is a highly flammable, mobile liquid
with a characteristic odor. A complex mixture of volatile
hydrocarbons (paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics).
Physical property values may vary depending on grade. The
Odor Threshold is 0.25 ppm.
용도
The distillation ranges of gasoline are specified for the
particular application, mainly the reciprocating, spark ignition,
and internal combustion engines. To serve specific
purposes, various functional additives are blended into gasolines.
These consist of antiknock fluids, antioxidants, metal
deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, anti-icing agents, preignition
preventors, upper cylinder lubricants, dyes, and decolorizers
(161). Probably the most critical property is the
octane number, supplied with high octane hydrocarbons
and lead compounds. The major components are primarily
paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics, and more
recently 10–40% ethyl alcohol. The distillation from
initial to final boiling point ranges from about 32 to 225℃(90
to 437°F), and the explosive limits are 1.31–6.0%.
정의
A mixture of volatile hydrocarbons suitable for
use in a spark-ignited internal-combustion engine
and having an octane number of at least 60. The
major components are branched-chain paraffins,
cycloparaffins, and aromatics. There are several
methods of pr
반응 프로필
GASOLINE may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents such as nitric acid, peroxides, and perchlorates. Charring may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, mostly unreactive. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, burns exothermically to produce carbon dioxide and water.
건강위험
INHALATION causes irritation of upper respiratory tract; central nervous system stimulation followed by depression of varying degrees ranging from dizziness, headache, and incoordination to anesthesia, coma, and respiratory arrest; irregular heartbeat is dangerous complication. ASPIRATION causes severe lung irritation with coughing, gagging, dyspnea, substernal distress, and rapidly developing pulmonary edema; later, signs of bronchopneumonia and pneumonitis; acute onset of central nervous system followed by depression. INGESTION causes irritation of mucous membranes of throat, esophagus, and stomach; stimulation followed by depression of central nervous system; irregular heartbeat.
공업 용도
Gasoline is a colorless liquid hydrocarbonobtained in the fractional distillation of petroleum.It is used chiefly as motor fuel, but alsoas a solvent. Ordinary gasoline consists of thehydrocarbons between C
6H
14 and C
10H
22, whichdistill off between the temperatures 69 and174°C, usually having the light limit at heptane,C
7H
16,or octane, C
8H
18.The octane number isthe standard of measure of detonation in theengine. Motor fuel, or the general name gasoline,before the wide use of high-octane gasolinesobtained by catalytic cracking meant anyhydrocarbon mixture that could be used as afuel in an internal-combustion engine by sparkignition without being sucked in as a liquid andwithout being so volatile as to cause imperfectcombustion and carbon deposition. Theseincluded also mixtures of gasoline with alcoholor benzol.
Safety Profile
Confirmed carcinogen.
Mildly toxic by inhalation. Human systemic
effects by inhalation: cough, conjunctiva
irritation, hallucinations or distorted per ceptions. Repeated or prolonged dermal ex posure causes dermatitis. Can cause blister ing of skin. Inhalation or ingestion can cause
central nervous system depression. Pulmon ary aspiration can cause severe pneumonitis.
Some addiction has been reported from
inhalation of fumes. Even brief inhalations
of high concentrations can cause a fatal
pulmonary edema. The vapors are consider ed to be moderately poisonous. If its con-centration in air is sufficiently high to reduce
the oxygen content below that needed to
maintain life, it acts as a simple asphyxiant.
A human eye irritant. Gasohe is a common
air contaminant. A very dangerous fire and
explosion hazard when exposed to heat or
flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials. To fight fKe, use foam, CO2, dry chemical.
잠재적 노출
Gasoline is used as a fuel, diluent, and
solvent throughout industry.
환경귀착
Since gasoline is a mixture, no simple summary can address
the fates of all of the components. However, many of the
toxicologically significant components are volatile and so are
lost to the atmosphere after being released to surface soil or
surface water. These compounds are then subject to photochemical
oxidation.
In addition, these components can leach through the soil
and contaminate groundwater where they may remain for long
periods of time. Under aerobic conditions, biodegradation of
gasoline components can occur in soil and surface water.
운송 방법
UN1203 Gasoline includes gasoline mixed with
ethyl alcohol, with not >10% alcohol, Hazard Class: 3;
Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
비 호환성
May form explosive mixture with air.
Strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosions.
Incompatible with nitric acid. May accumulate static elec trical charges, and may cause ignition of its vapors.
폐기물 처리
Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinera tor equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal,
state, and local environmental regulations must be
observed. Alternatively, gasoline vapors may be recovered
from fuel transfer operations by various techniques.
휘발유 준비 용품 및 원자재
원자재
준비 용품
