Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.

According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.

(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.

Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.


The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.

With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.

Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:

1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Irbesartan IMpurity F Irbesartan IMpurity F C25H28N6O
Itraconazole iMpurity 2 Itraconazole iMpurity 2
Palbociclib Impurity 6 Palbociclib Impurity 6
Azacitidine Impurity 1 Azacitidine Impurity 1
Saxagliptin Impurity 5 Saxagliptin Impurity 5
Cinacalcet Impurity 18 Cinacalcet Impurity 18
Erlotinib Impurity 23 Erlotinib Impurity 23 2021249-11-4 C23H18F6N6O
Erlotinib Impurity 36 Erlotinib Impurity 36
Fasudil Impurity 17 Fasudil Impurity 17
Febuxostat Impurity 50 Febuxostat Impurity 50
Varenicline Impurity 8 Varenicline Impurity 8
Ticagrelor Impurity 53 Ticagrelor Impurity 53 2750247-77-7 C17H27ClN4O4S
Edoxaban Impurity 5 Edoxaban Impurity 5
Edoxaban Impurity 11 Edoxaban Impurity 11
Empagliflozin Impurity 5 Empagliflozin Impurity 5 1800196-46-6 C17H16ClIO3
Carfilzomib Impurity 2 Carfilzomib Impurity 2
Oseltamivir Impurity 20 Oseltamivir Impurity 20 212504-90-0 C12H22N2O3
Febuxostat Impurity 61 Febuxostat Impurity 61
3-[3-({[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydro-2H-3-benzazepin-2-one hydrochloride 3-[3-({[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propyl]-7,8-dimethoxy-1,3-dihydro-2H-3-benzazepin-2-one hydrochloride 1086026-38-1 C27H34N2O5*ClH
Amoxicillin Impurity Z Amoxicillin Impurity Z C16H19N3O5S
Amoxicillin Impurity Z Amoxicillin Impurity Z C16H19N3O5S
Atracurium Impurity P Atracurium Impurity P
Atracurium Impurity U Atracurium Impurity U
Ceftazidime side chain Impurity Ceftazidime side chain Impurity
Linagliptin Impurity 35 Linagliptin Impurity 35
Ropivacaine Impurity 1 Ropivacaine Impurity 1
Ropivacaine Impurity 46 Ropivacaine Impurity 46
Sugammadex sodium Org199425-1 Impurity Sugammadex sodium Org199425-1 Impurity
Sugammadex sodium Org244517-1 Impurity Sugammadex sodium Org244517-1 Impurity
Terbutaline Impurity 11 Terbutaline Impurity 11 2387020-93-9 C8H7BrO3
(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran- 3-yl)oxy)benzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-3,4,5-triol (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-(4-chloro-3-(4-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran- 3-yl)oxy)benzyl)phenyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-3,4,5-triol C23H27ClO7
Afatinib impurity 34 Afatinib impurity 34 2475095-50-0 C14H7ClF2N4O2
Avibactam Impurity 39 Avibactam Impurity 39 2089462-91-7 C15H22N2O3
Butyphthalide impurity 28 Butyphthalide impurity 28
Butyphthalide impurity 36 Butyphthalide impurity 36 2245275-82-3 C15H18O5
Canagliflozin Impurity 32 Canagliflozin Impurity 32
Carbocistein Impurity B Carbocistein Impurity B
Celecoxib Impurity 22 Celecoxib Impurity 22 921617-76-7 C17H13F3N2O3S
Emtricitabine Impurity RRO Emtricitabine Impurity RRO
Febuxostat Impurity 84 Febuxostat Impurity 84
Febuxostat Impurity 89 Febuxostat Impurity 89
Gefitinib Impurity T Gefitinib Impurity T
Atosiban Impurity G Atosiban Impurity G
1-cyclopropyl-6,8-dimethoxy-7-((4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo [3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic 1-cyclopropyl-6,8-dimethoxy-7-((4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo [3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic 2252446-68-5 C22H28ClN3O5
CINACALCET-001-R CINACALCET-001-R 1630761-22-6 C11H11BF4N4O
Cefotiam Impurity D Cefotiam Impurity D
Atorvastatin Calcium Hydrate impurity 39 Atorvastatin Calcium Hydrate impurity 39 2243639-97-4 C33H35FN2O5
Peramivir Impurity B Peramivir Impurity B
AztreonaM IMpurity C AztreonaM IMpurity C
Pramipexole Related Impurity 3 Pramipexole Related Impurity 3 2166216-34-6 C10H17N3OS
Lincomycin sulfoxide Impurity 5 Lincomycin sulfoxide Impurity 5
Sulpiride Impurity 4 Sulpiride Impurity 4
Tacrolimus Impurity E Tacrolimus Impurity E
Bumetanide iMpurity E Bumetanide iMpurity E
Ibrutinib Impurity 16 Ibrutinib Impurity 16
LCZ696(valsartan + sacubitril) impurity 35 LCZ696(valsartan + sacubitril) impurity 35
Lenvatinib Impurity 15 Lenvatinib Impurity 15
Montelukast sodium impurity I Montelukast sodium impurity I
Moxifloxacin Impurity 48 Moxifloxacin Impurity 48
Olsalazine Impurity A Olsalazine Impurity A
Ozagrel impurity E Ozagrel impurity E
Solifenacin impurity 22 Solifenacin impurity 22
Sunitinib Impurity YDEJ Sunitinib Impurity YDEJ
Tofacitinib Impurity 94 Tofacitinib Impurity 94
Topiroxostat Impurity 31 Topiroxostat Impurity 31
Sitafloxacin Impurity 9 Sodium Salt Sitafloxacin Impurity 9 Sodium Salt
Azilsartan Impurity 11 Azilsartan Impurity 11 91526-16-8 C12H12O6S
Pitavastatin Impurity 18 Sodium Salt Pitavastatin Impurity 18 Sodium Salt 1611499-16-1 C25H24FNO5
Apixaban Impurity 25 Apixaban Impurity 25 2133292-60-9 C26H27ClN4O5
Saxagliptin Impurity 10 Saxagliptin Impurity 10
(1r,4r)-4-((2-amino-4-bromobenzyl)amino)cyclohexan-1-ol hydrochloride (1r,4r)-4-((2-amino-4-bromobenzyl)amino)cyclohexan-1-ol hydrochloride C13H20BrClN2O
Aztreonam Impurity 6 Aztreonam Impurity 6
Cetirizine impurity 14 Cetirizine impurity 14 C21H25ClN2O3
Vitamin B1 Impurity 1 Vitamin B1 Impurity 1 C12H17ClN4OS
Diquafosol Impurity UP2U Diquafosol Impurity UP2U 221169-12-6 C18H25N4NaO17P2
Pemetrexed disodium  Impurity Pemetrexed disodium Impurity 17405-00-4 C7H5ClN2O2
Vonoprazan Impurity Z-1 Vonoprazan Impurity Z-1
IPC-Mixed Tenofovir Trimer IPC-Mixed Tenofovir Trimer
Olanzapine impurity M Olanzapine impurity M C17H20N4S
Afatinib impurity 41 Afatinib impurity 41 69169-63-7 C5H9NO2
Vildagliptin Impurity 38 Vildagliptin Impurity 38 956508-24-0 C10H16N2O3
Tazobactam Impurity C Tazobactam Impurity C
Palonosetron Impurity TM1-YA Palonosetron Impurity TM1-YA
Pitavastatin Impurity 33 Pitavastatin Impurity 33
Pralatrexate Impurity 14 Pralatrexate Impurity 14
Pitavastatin Impurity 51 Pitavastatin Impurity 51
Pitavastatin Impurity 59 Pitavastatin Impurity 59
Lenvatinib Impurity 42 Lenvatinib Impurity 42
Tazobactam Impurity 8 Tazobactam Impurity 8
Prednicarbate Impurity B Prednicarbate Impurity B
Doxofylline Impurity 13 Doxofylline Impurity 13
Afatinib impurity 46 Afatinib impurity 46
Afatinib impurity 46 Afatinib impurity 46
Canagliflozin Impurity 60 Canagliflozin Impurity 60
Canagliflozin Impurity 65 Canagliflozin Impurity 65
Rosuvastatin Impurity 75 Rosuvastatin Impurity 75
Acyclovir Impurity 11 Acyclovir Impurity 11
Selexipag Impurity 6 Selexipag Impurity 6
Cabozantinib impurity N Cabozantinib impurity N
Barcitinib impurity-09 Barcitinib impurity-09 1187594-16-6 C14H13N7
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