Хлоруксусной кислоты химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Chloroacetic acid (CAA) is a monohalogenated acetic acid
(m-HAA) that is used as a photosensitizing agent and in
industrial synthesis of certain organic chemicals such as indigoid
dyes. The m-HAAs are a major class of drinking water
disinfection by-products during chlorination of drinking water.
Химические свойства
Chloroacetic acid is a colorless to white crystalline solid. It has a strong vinegar-like odor and an Odor
Threshold of 0.15 milligram per cubic meter.
Использование
Chloroacetic acid behaves as a very strong monobasic acid and is used as a strong acid catalyst for diverse reactions. The Cl function can be displaced in base-catalyzed reactions.
Определение
A colorless crystalline
solid made by substituting one of the hydrogen
atoms of the methyl group of
ethanoic acid with chlorine, using red
phosphorus. It is a stronger acid than
ethanoic acid because of the electron-withdrawing
effect of the chlorine atom.
Dichloroethanoic acid (dichloroacetic
acid, CHCl2COOH) and trichloroethanoic
acid (trichloroacetic acid,CCl3COOH) are
made in the same way. The acid strength
increases with the number of chlorine
atoms present.
Методы производства
Chloroacetic acid can be synthesized by the radical chlorination of acetic acid, treatment of trichloroethylene with concentrated H2SO4, oxidation of 1,2-dichloroethane or chloroacetaldehyde, amine displacement from glycine, or chlorination of ketene.
Общее описание
Chloroacetic acid, solution is a colorless solution of the white crystalline solid. The acid concentration can be up to 80%.It is used in manufacturing dyes and in medicine. Chloroacetic acid is toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. Chloroacetic acid is corrosive to metals and tissue. Chloroacetic acid is used as an herbicide, preservative and bacteriostat.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Water soluble.
Опасность
Use in foods prohibited by FDA. Irritating and corrosive to skin. Upper respiratory tract
irritant. Questionable carcinogen.
Угроза здоровью
Inhalation causes mucous membrane irritation. Contact with liquid causes severe irritation and burns of the eyes and irritation and burns of skin. Ingestion causes burns of mouth and stomach.
Пожароопасность
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic gases, such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene and carbon monoxide, may be generated.
Профиль безопасности
Poison by ingestion,
inhalation, subcutaneous, and intravenous
routes. A corrosive skin, eye, and mucous
membrane irritant. Questionable carcinogen
with experimental tumorigenic data.
Mutation data reported. Combustible liquid
when exposed to heat or flame. To fight
fire, use water spray, fog, mist, dry chemical, foam. When heated to decomposition it
emits toxic fumes of Cl-. See also
CHLORIDES.
Возможный контакт
This haloacetic acid can be a byproduct
of drinking water disinfection and may increase the risk of
cancer. Monochloracetic acid is used primarily as a chemical
intermediate in the synthesis of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; and such other diverse substances as ethyl chloroacetate,
glycine, synthetic caffeine, sarcosine, thioglycolic acid, and
various dyes. Hence, workers in these areas are affected. It is
also used as an herbicide. Therefore, formulators and applicators of such herbicides are affected.
Экологическая судьба
CCA by inhibition of the pyruvate-dehydrogenase, aconitase,
and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase that contribute in tricarboxylic
acid cycle and also inhibition of glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate dehydrogenase can impair production of
cellular energy and conversion to anaerobic glycolysis, resulting
in increasing acidosis with accumulation of glycolic
acid, oxalate, and lactate production. CCA can also affect
cellular components via sulfhydryl groups. Both of these
effects may contribute to central nervous system (CNS),
cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic effects. The metabolites
glycolic acid and oxalate may contribute to CNS and renal
toxicity (myoglobin and oxalate precipitation in the tubuli).
Binding of calcium to oxalates probably causes the hypocalcemia,
but hypocalcemia can be secondary to rhabdomyolysis.
CAA by reduction of cellular glutathione can cause
oxidative stress. Inhibition of mitochondrial aconitase causes
hypoglycemia.
Перевозки
UN1750 (liquid) & UN1751 (solid) Chloroacetic
acid, solid or liquid, Hazard class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poison
Inhalation Hazard, 8-Corrosive material.
Методы очистки
Crystallise the acid from CHCl3, CCl4, *benzene or water. Dry it over P2O5 or conc H2SO4 in a vacuum desiccator. Further purification is by distillation from MgSO4, and by fractional crystallisation from the melt. Store it under vacuum or under dry N2. [Bernasconi et al. J Am Chem Soc 107 3621 1985, Beilstein 2 IV 474.]
Несовместимости
Compounds of the carboxyl group react
with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e., amines)
releasing substantial heat, water, and a salt that may be
harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds (releases
hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, sulfides (releasing
heat, toxic, and possibly flammable gases), thiosulfates,
and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate and oxides of
sulfur). The solution in water is a strong acid. Contact with
strong oxidizers, strong bases; and strong reducing agents
such as hydrides can cause violent reactions. Chloracetic
acid decomposes on heating, producing toxic and corrosive
hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide gases.
Attacks metals in the presence of moisture.
Утилизация отходов
Incineration, preferably after
mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove
the halo acids produced.
Хлоруксусной кислоты препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат