ПАРАТИОН химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
After exposure to parathion ethyl, one case of a bullous
contact dermatitis was reported.
Химические свойства
Pure parathion is a pale yellow liquid with a faint odor of garlic, while technical parathion
is a deep brown to yellow liquid. It is sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohols,
aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, n-hexane, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, toluene,and ketones. Parathion is one of the most acutely toxic pesticides and the US EPA has classifi
ed parathion as an RUP, meaning it should only be handled by qualifi ed, trained, and
certifi ed workers. In January 1992, the US EPA announced the cancellation of parathion for
all uses on fruit, nut, and vegetable crops.
Parathion was used for the control of pests of fruits, nuts, and vegetable crops. The only
uses retained are those on alfalfa, barley, corn, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, sunfl owers,
and wheat. Further, to reduce exposure of agricultural workers, parathion may only be
applied to these crops by commercially certifi ed aerial applicators and treated crops may
not be harvested by hand. Parathion is a broad spectrum, organophosphate pesticide used
to control many insects and mites.
Физические свойства
Pale yellow to dark brown liquid with a garlic-like odor. Robeck et al. (1965) reported odor
threshold concentrations of 3 and 36 ppm for technical and pure grades, respectively.
Использование
Parathion is an organophosphate insecticide used on cotton, rice and fruit trees.
Общее описание
Light-yellow liquid, Parathion turn solid at 6° C, a deadly poison by all routes. Organic phosphate insecticide, acts as an inhibitor of cholinesterase.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Parathion is slightly soluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
Pure parathion is a pale yellow liquid with a faint odour of garlic, while the technical parathion is a deep brown to yellow liquid. It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, n-hexane, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, toluene, and ketones.
Violent reaction when PARATHION is used as solvent to dissolve endrin. When heated to decomposition Parathion emits very toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur, phosphorus and nitrogen [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 984].
Угроза здоровью
Parathion is highly toxic by all routes of exposure. Parathion, like all organophosphate
pesticides, inhibits acetylcholinesterase and alters cholinergic synaptic transmission at
neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects), at skeletal myoneural junctions, in autonomic
ganglia (nicotinic effects), and in the CNS. Exposures to parathion cause symptoms of poisoning
that include, but are not limited to, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, pinpoint
pupils, blurred vision, excessive sweating, salivation and lacrimation, wheezing, excessive
tracheobronchial secretions, agitation, seizures, bradycardia or tachycardia, muscle
twitching and weakness, and urinary bladder and fecal incontinence. Seizures are much
more common in children than in adults. Severe exposures cause loss of consciousness,
coma, excessive bronchial secretions, respiratory depression, cardiac irregularity, eventually
leading to death. Occupational workers and the general public with health disorders
and abnormalities, such as cardiovascular, liver or kidney diseases, glaucoma, or CNS, are
at an increased risk of parathion poisoning. Further, high environmental temperatures
enhance the severity of parathion poisoning.
Пожароопасность
Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
Сельскохозяйственное использование
Insecticide, Acaricide: The U.S. EPA announced in November, 2000, the
cancellation of ethyl parathion immediately on seed corn
and the eventual phase out for its use in other pesticide
products by the end of 2000. By the end of October, 2003,
the U.S. EPA phased out its use to control insects and mites
on alfalfa, barley, corn, canola, sorghum, soybeans, sunflowers
and wheat. Also used to control nuisance birds.
Not listed for use in EU countries. Not registered for
use in the U.S. There are 25 global suppliers.
Торговое название
(There are 921 active and canceled/transferred
labels registered with the U.S. EPA) ACC 3422®;
ALKRON®[C]; ALLERON®; AMERICAN CYANAMID
3422®; APHAMITE®; ARALO®; B 404®; BAY
E-605®; BAYER E-605®; BLADAN®; BLADAN F®;
COMPOUND 3422®; COROTHION®; CORTHION®;
COR-THION®; DANTHION®; DREXEL PARATHION
8E®; E 605®; E 605 F®; ECATOX®; EKATIN WF
& WF ULV®; EKATOX®; ETHLON®; ETILON®;
FIGHTER®; FOLIDOL®; FOLIDOL E®; FOLIDOL
E-605®; FOLIDOL E&E 605®; FOLIDOL OIL®;
FOSFERMO®; FOSFERNO®; FOSFEX®; FOSFIVE®;
FOSOVA®; FOSTERN®; FOSTOX®; GEARPHOS®;
GENITHION®; IDA SEIS-TRES 6-3®; KALPHOS®;
KOLODUST®[C]; KYPTHION®; LETHALAIRE
G-54®; LIROTHION®; MURFOS®; MURPHOS®;
NIRAN®[C]; NIUIF 100®; NITROSTIGMINE®;
NOURITHION®; NOVAFOS-M®; OLEOFOS
20®; OLEOPARATHENE®; OLEOPARATHION®;
ORTHOPHOS®; PAC®; PACOL®; PARA-KILL®[C];
PARAMAR®; PARA-TOX®[C]; PANTHION®;
PARADUST®; PARAPHOS®; PARAWET®; PENNCAP
E®; PESTOX PLUS®; PETHION®; PHOSKIL®;
PLEOPARAPHENE®; RHODIASOL®; RHODIATOX®;
RHODIATROX®; SEIS-TRES 6-3®; SELEPHOS®;
SOPRATHION®; STATHION®; SULPHOS®; SUPER
RODIATOX®; T-47®; THIOMEX®; THIOPHOS®;
THIOPHOS® 3422; TIOFOS®; TOX 47®; TOXOL®;
VAPOPHOS®; VITREX®; WOPROPHOS®
Контактные аллергены
One case was reported of a bullous contact dermatitis
due to ethylparathion.
Профиль безопасности
A deadly poison by all routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: general anesthetic; pulmonary effects; and hdney, ureter, bladder effects, true cholinesterase changes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Human mutation data reported. A cholinesterase inhibitor. Parathon, like the other organic phosphorus poisons, acts as an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme cholinesterase and thus allows the accumulation of large amounts of acetylcholine. When a critical level of cholinesterase depletion is reached, grave symptoms appear. Whether death is actually caused entirely by cholinesterase depletion or by the disturbance of a number of enzymes is not yet known. Recovery is apparently complete if a poisoned animal or human has time to re-form a critical amount of cholinesterase. The organism exposed remains susceptible to relatively low dosages of parathion untd the chohnesterase has regenerated. Small doses at frequent intervals are, therefore, more or less additive. There is no indication that, when recovery from a given exposure is entirely complete, the exposed organism is prejudiced in any way. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. Violent reaction with endrin. Highly dangerous; shock can shatter the container, releasing the contents A broad spectrum insecticide in agricultural applications. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NOx, POx, and SOx.
Возможный контакт
A severely hazardous pesticide formulation.
Those exposed include those engaged in manufacture,formulation and application of this broad spectrum insecticide.
This material has also been used as a chemical warfare agent.
Канцерогенность
In an animal bioassay a dose-related
increase in the incidence of adrenal cortical
adenomas (with a few carcinomas at this site as
well) has been observed in one strain of rats in
both sexes. The significance of these lesions in
aged rats in unclear. Other bioassays in mice
and rats had sufficient limitations, such that the
IARC deemed them inadequate for evaluation
and concluded that there are insufficient data
to evaluate the carcinogenicity of parathion for
animals and no data for humans.
Метаболический путь
The structure of parathion is similar to those of methyl parathion (the
dimethylphosphoryl analogue) and fenitrothion which has a 3-methyl
group on the phenyl ring: consequently the environmental fate and
pathways for biotransformation are similar. As the first commercial
organophosphorus insecticide, many studies have been conducted on
its mechanisms of activation and degradation in a very wide range of
organisms. The following is necessarily a selection of only some of the
results which have been used to illustrate the principles of its metabolism.
The principal metabolic routes of degradation in all media are via
de-esterification to give O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate and 4-nitrophenol
and by de-ethylation to desethylparathion (a less important route).
Activation to the toxic anticholinesterase metabolite paraoxon is also a
major metabolic route in soil, plants and animals. Paraoxon is also formed
photochemically in the environment; however, it is relatively quickly
detoxified in animals and plants by esterase and base-catalysed
hydrolysis to 4-nitrophenol and diethyl phosphate. A further detoxification
mechanism, which is mainly important in the soil, and possibly in
plants and in ruminants, is reduction of the 4nitro group to yield aminoparathion.
4-Nitrophenol is conjugated in plants as the glucoside, in
insects as the glucoside and/or sulfate ester and in mammals as the
glucuronide and the sulfate ester.
Метаболизм
The principal degradation routes of parathion in
animals, plants, and soil are dearylation and dealkylation
to give O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate,
p-nitrophenol, and desethylparathion. Oxidative desulfuration
also occurs to form the active methabolite paraoxon,
which is quickly detoxified by hydrolysis. DT50 in soil
was 65 d.
Перевозки
UN3278 Organophosphorus compound, liquid,
toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous
materials, Technical Name Required, Potential Inhalation
Hazard (Special Provision 5).UN2783 Organophosphorus
pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels:
6.1-Poisonous materials. UN3018 Organophosphorus pesticides,
liquid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-
Poisonous materials.
Несовместимости
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates,
nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine,
bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or
explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases,
strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Strong oxidizers may cause
release of toxic phosphorus oxides. Organophosphates, in
the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides,
may form highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas. Keep
away from alkaline materials. Attacks some plastics, rubbers,
and coatings. Rapidly hydrolyzed by alkalis.
Утилизация отходов
Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations
governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste
disposal. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations
for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide
containers. Must be disposed properly by following package
label directions or by contacting your local or federal
environmental control agency, or by contacting your
regional EPA office. One manufacturer recommends the
use of a detergent in a 5% trisodium phosphate solution
for parathion disposal and cleanup problems. For parathion
disposal in general, however, the recommended
method is incineration (816°C, 0.5 second minimum for
primary combustion; 1204°C, 1.0 second for secondary
combustion) with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal
facilities.
ПАРАТИОН препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат