Сорбитол химические свойства, назначение, производство
Химические свойства
Sorbitol is D-glucitol. It is a hexahydric alcohol related to mannose
and is isomeric with mannitol.
Sorbitol occurs as an odorless, white or almost colorless,
crystalline, hygroscopic powder. Four crystalline polymorphs and
one amorphous form of sorbitol have been identified that have
slightly different physical properties, e.g. melting point. Sorbitol is
available in a wide range of grades and polymorphic forms, such as
granules, flakes, or pellets that tend to cake less than the powdered
form and have more desirable compression characteristics. Sorbitol
has a pleasant, cooling, sweet taste and has approximately 50–60%
of the sweetness of sucrose.
Вхождение
Sorbitol is one of the most widely found sugar alcohols in nature with relatively high concentrations occurring in apples, pears, plums, peaches and apricots. Also reported found in several varieties of berries, seaweed and algae.
Использование
Sorbitol is a humectant that is a polyol (polyhydric alcohol) produced by hydrogenation of glucose with good solubility in water and poor solubility in oil. It is approximately 60% as sweet as sugar, and has a caloric value of 2.6 kcal/g. It is highly hygroscopic and has a pleasant, sweet taste. It maintains moistness in shredded coconut, pet foods, and candy. In sugarless frozen desserts, it depresses the freezing point, adds solids, and contributes some sweetness. It is used in low-calorie beverages to provide body and taste. It is used in dietary foods such as sugarless candy, chewing gum, and ice cream. It is also used as a crystallization modifier in soft sugar-based confections.
Определение
ChEBI: The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).
Подготовка
Sorbitol is manufactured by hydrogenation of glucose with hydrogen and active nickel catalyst. It is commercially available as 70% syrup or as a pure white powder.
Методы производства
Sorbitol occurs naturally in the ripe berries of many trees and
plants. It was first isolated in 1872 from the berries of the Mountain
Ash (Sorbus americana).
Industrially, sorbitol is prepared by high-pressure hydrogenation
with a copper–chromium or nickel catalyst, or by electrolytic
reduction of glucose and corn syrup. If cane or beet sugars are used
as a source, the disaccharide is hydrolyzed to dextrose and fructose
prior to hydrogenation.
Общее описание
Odorless colorless solid. Sinks and mixes with water.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Water soluble.
Профиль реактивности
D-Sorbitol is an alcohol. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.
Угроза здоровью
Hot liquid will burn skin.
Фармацевтические приложения
Sorbitol is widely used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.
It is also used extensively in cosmetics and food products.
Sorbitol is used as a diluent in tablet formulations prepared by
either wet granulation or direct compression. It is particularly
useful in chewable tablets owing to its pleasant, sweet taste and
cooling sensation. In capsule formulations it is used as a plasticizer
for gelatin. Sorbitol has been used as a plasticizer in film
formulations.
In liquid preparations sorbitol is used as a vehicle in sugar-free
formulations and as a stabilizer for drug, vitamin, and
antacid suspensions. Furthermore, sorbitol is used as an excipient in
liquid parenteral biologic formulations to provide effective protein
stabilization in the liquid state. It has also been shown to be a
suitable carrier to enhance the in vitro dissolution rate of
indometacin. In syrups it is effective in preventing crystallization
around the cap of bottles. Sorbitol is additionally used in
injectable and topical preparations, and therapeutically as an
osmotic laxative.
Sorbitol may also be used analytically as a marker for assessing
liver blood flow.
Профиль безопасности
Mildly toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects by ingestion: hypermotility and diarrhea. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Безопасность
Sorbitol is widely used in a number of pharmaceutical products and
occurs naturally in many edible fruits and berries. It is absorbed
more slowly from the gastrointestinal tract than sucrose and is
metabolized in the liver to fructose and glucose. Its caloric value is
approximately 16.7 J/g (4 cal/g). Sorbitol is better tolerated by diabetics than sucrose and is widely used in many sugar-free liquid
vehicles. However, it is not considered to be unconditionally safe for
diabetics.
Reports of adverse reactions to sorbitol are largely due to its
action as an osmotic laxative when ingested orally,(17–19) which may
be exploited therapeutically. Ingestion of large quantities of sorbitol
(>20 g/day in adults) should therefore be avoided.
Sorbitol is not readily fermented by oral microorganisms and has
little effect on dental plaque pH; hence, it is generally considered to
be noncariogenic.
Sorbitol is generally considered to be more irritating than
mannitol.
LD50 (mouse, IV): 9.48 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 17.8 g/kg
LD50 (rat, IV): 7.1 g/kg
LD50 (rat, SC): 29.6 g/kg
хранилище
Sorbitol is chemically relatively inert and is compatible with most
excipients. It is stable in air in the absence of catalysts and in cold,
dilute acids and alkalis. Sorbitol does not darken or decompose at
elevated temperatures or in the presence of amines. It is
nonflammable, noncorrosive, and nonvolatile.
Although sorbitol is resistant to fermentation by many microorganisms,
a preservative should be added to sorbitol solutions.
Solutions may be stored in glass, plastic, aluminum, and stainless
steel containers. Solutions for injection may be sterilized by
autoclaving.
The bulk material is hygroscopic and should be stored in an
airtight container in a cool, dry place.
Методы очистки
Crystallise D(-)-sorbitol (as hemihydrate) several times from EtOH/water (1:1), then dry it by fusing and storing over anhydrous MgSO4. [Koch et al. J Am Chem Soc 75 953 1953, Beilstein 1 IV 2839.]
Несовместимости
Sorbitol will form water-soluble chelates with many divalent and
trivalent metal ions in strongly acidic and alkaline conditions.
Addition of liquid polyethylene glycols to sorbitol solution, with
vigorous agitation, produces a waxy, water-soluble gel with a
melting point of 35–40℃. Sorbitol solutions also react with iron
oxide to become discolored.
Sorbitol increases the degradation rate of penicillins in neutral
and aqueous solutions.
Регуляторный статус
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (intra-articular
and IM injections; nasal; oral capsules, solutions, suspensions,
syrups and tablets; rectal, topical, and vaginal preparations).
Included in parenteral and nonparenteral medicines licensed in the
UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal
Ingredients.
Сорбитол препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат