Hexachlorethan Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE KRISTALLE MIT CHARAKTERISTISCHEM GERUCH.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Erhitzen über 300°C unter Bildung giftiger und ätzender Rauche, Phosgen (s. ICSC 0007) und Chlorwasserstoff (s. ICSC 0163). Reagiert heftig mit Zink, Aluminiumpulver und Natrium. Greift Eisen in Gegenwart von Feuchtigkeit an.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 1 ppm (als TWA) Hautresorption Krebskategorie A3 (bestätigte krebserzeugende Wirkung beim Tier mit unbekannter Bedeutung für den Menschen); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 1 ppm 9,8 mg/m?Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor II(2); (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation, über die Hautund durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20 °C kann sehr schnell eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Exposition kann zu Bewusstlosigkeit führen.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf Leber und Nieren. Exposition weit über den Arbeitsplatzgrenzwerten kann Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem (Zittern und Koordinationsstörungen) haben.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in Behältern sammeln. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R51/53:Giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S24:Berührung mit der Haut vermeiden.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S7:Behälter dicht geschlossen halten.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Hexachloroethane is a white solid with a
camphor-like odor. It gradually evaporates when it is exposed to air.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Rhombic, triclinic or cubic, colorless crystals with a camphor-like odor. Odor threshold
concentration is 0.15 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983).
Verwenden
Hexachloroethane is used as a solvent, infireworks and smoke devices; in explosives,in celluloid, as an insecticide, and as a rubbervulcanizing accelerator. Earlier it was used asan anthelmintic for livestock.
Hexachloroethane is a highly efficient chlorinating agent in the preparation of chlorosilanes from hydrosilanes.
Definition
ChEBI: A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which all the hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Hexachloroethane is a colorless, crystalline solid with a camphor-like odor. Hexachloroethane may cause illness from inhalation or ingestion and may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. When heated to high temperatures Hexachloroethane may emit toxic fumes. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Hexachloroethane is used to make other chemicals.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Hexachloroethane can react with hot iron, zinc and aluminum. Dehalogenation of Hexachloroethane by reaction with alkalis and metals will produce unstable chloroacetylenes. Hexachloroethane can also react with strong oxidizing agents. .
Hazard
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong
irritant, absorbed by skin. Possible carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Vapors of hexachloroethane are an irritant tothe eyes and mucous membranes. Oral dosesof 1000 mg/kg produced weakness, stagger ing gait, and twitching muscles in dogs.Rabbits fed 1000 mg/kg for 12 days devel oped necrosis; a lower amount, 320 mg/kg,caused liver degeneration; no effects wereobserved at a dose level of 100 mg/kg(Weeks 1979).
Acute inhalation toxicity is of a loworder in animals. Subacute toxic effectsin dogs exposed to 260-ppm vapors ofhexachloroethane for 6 hours per day, 5days a week for 6 weeks were tremors,ataxia, hypersalivation, head bobbling, andfacial muscular fasciculations (Weeks 1979).The lethal concentration in rats is 5900 ppmfrom an 8-hour exposure.
LD50 value, oral (rats): 4460 mg/kg
Tests for mutagenicity and teratogenic ity were negative. The carcinogenic poten tial of hexachloroethane was noted in testanimals only at extremely heavy dosagesgiven continuously for a long period of time(ACGIH 1986). It caused liver tumors inmice.
Brandgefahr
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride vapor may form in fire.
mögliche Exposition
In the US, about half the HCE is used
by the military for smoke-producing devices. It is also used
to remove air bubbles in melted aluminum. It may be
present as an ingredient in some fungicides, insecticides,
lubricants, and plastics. It is no longer made in the United
States, but it is formed as a by-product in the production of
some chemicals. Can be formed by incinerators when mate rials containing chlorinated hydrocarbons are burned. Some
HCE can also be formed when chlorine reacts with carbon
compounds in drinking water. As a medicinal, HCE is used
as an anthelmintic to treat fascioliasis in sheep and cattle.
It is also added to the feed of ruminants, preventing metha nogenesis and increasing feed efficiency. HCE is used in
metal and alloy production, mainly in refining aluminum
alloys. It is also used for removing impurities from molten
metals, recovering metals from ores or smelting products
and improving the quality of various metals and alloys.
HCE is contained in pyrotechnics. It inhibits the explosive ness of methane and the combustion of ammonium perchlo rate. Smoke containing HCE is used to extinguish fires.
HCE has various applications as a polymer additive. It has
flameproofing qualities, increases sensitivity to radiation
crosslinking, and is used as a vulcanizing agent. Added to
polymer fibers, HCE acts as a swelling agent and increases
affinity for dyes.
Carcinogenicity
Hexachloroethane is reasonably anticipated to be ogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicit
a human carciny from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Biological. Under aerobic conditions or in experimental systems containing mixed cultures,
hexachloroethane was reported to degrade to tetrachloroethane (Vogel et al., 1987). In an
uninhibited anoxic-sediment water suspension, hexachloroethane degraded to tetrachloroethylene.
The reported half-life for this transformation was 19.7 min (Jafvert and Wolfe, 1987). When
hexachloroethane (5 and 10 mg/L) was statically incubated in the dark at 25 °C with yeast extract
and settled domestic wastewater inoculum for 7 d, 100% biodegradation with rapid adaptation was
observed (Tabak et al., 1981).
Photolytic. When an aqueous solution containing hexachloroethane was photooxidized by UV
light at 90–95 °C, 25, 50, and 75% degraded to carbon dioxide after 25.2, 93.7, and 172.0 h,
respectively (Knoevenagel and Himmelreich, 1976).
Chemical/Physical. The reported hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C and pH 7 is 1.8 x 10
9 yr (Jeffers et
al., 1989). No hydrolysis was observed after 13 d at 85 °C and pH values of 3, 7, and 11 (Ellington
et al., 1987). Similarly, no measureable hydrolysis was observed under neutral and alkaline
conditions (Jeffers and Wolfe, 1996).
Versand/Shipping
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials,
Technical Name Required. UN3077 Environmentally
hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9;
Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical
Name Required.
läuterung methode
Steam distil it, then crystallise it from 95% EtOH. Dry it in the dark under vacuum. [Beilstein 1 IV 148.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Incompatible with strong acids, oxidizers
(chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates,
chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires
or explosions. Keep away from strong bases.
Waste disposal
Incineration after mixing with
another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure
complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene.
An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids pro duced. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of
waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must con form to EPA regulations governing storage, transportation,
treatment, and waste disposal.
Hexachlorethan Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
