Kohlenstoff Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
Beschreibung
All our SWNTs come packed as dry powders, which can be dispersed within the user's solvent of choice.
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
SCHWARZES PULVER ODER FESTSTOFF IN VERSCHIEDENEN FORMEN.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Staubexplosion der pulverisierten oder granulierten Substanz in Gemischen mit Luft möglich. Die trockene Substanz kann durch Verwirbeln, Druckluft, Fließen usw. elektrostatisch aufgeladen werden.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Kann sich beim Kontakt mit Luft spontan entzünden. Beim Verbrennen Bildung von giftigem Kohlenmonoxid bei nicht ausreichender Belüftung. Starkes Reduktionsmittel. Reagiert sehr heftig mit Oxidationsmitteln wie Bromaten, Chloraten und Nitraten.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfen bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine belästigende Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in abgedeckten Behältern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. An sicheren Ort bringen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzgerät, P1-Filter für inerte Partikel.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/37:Reizt die Augen und die Atmungsorgane.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R20:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen.
R10:Entzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Carbon, C, is a nonmetallic element, grey solid. It is found in nature as graphite (specific gravity2.25), diamond(specific gravity 3.51), and coal (specific gravity 1.88). Carbon is found in all living things, is insoluble in common solvents,and forms an almost infinite numberof organic compounds. Anaturally occurring radioactive isotope,14C, has a half-life of 5780 years and is used in archaeo logical investigations to date artifacts and ancient documents. Other uses of carbon depend on its form. For example, diamonds for jewels and abrasives,graphite for lubricants, activated carbon to absorb color and gases, and wood carbon for fuel are some common examples.
Isotopes
There are 15 isotopes of carbon, two of which are stable. Stable carbon-12makes up 98.89% of the element’s natural abundance in the Earth’s crust, and carbon-13 makes up just 1.11% of carbon’s abundance in the Earth’s crust. All the otherisotopes of carbon are radioactive with half-lives varying from 30 nanoseconds (C-21) to5,730 years (C-14).
Origin of Name
Carbon’s name is derived from the Latin word carbo, which means,
“charcoal.”
Occurrence
Carbon is the 14th most abundant element, making up about 0.048% of the Earth’s crust.It is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, which contains 3.5 atoms of carbonfor every atom of silicon. Carbon is a product of the cosmic nuclear process called fusion,through which helium nuclei are “burned” and fused together to form carbon atoms withthe atomic number 12. Only five elements are more abundant in the universe than carbon:hydrogen, helium, oxygen, neon, and nitrogen.
Charakteristisch
Carbon is, without a doubt, one of the most important elements on Earth. It is the majorelement found in over one million organic compounds and is the minor component in mineralssuch as carbonates of magnesium and calcium (e.g., limestone, marble, and dolomite),coral, and shells of oysters and clams.The carbon cycle, one of the most essential of all biological processes, involves the chemicalconversion of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates in green plants by photosynthesis.
Animalsconsume the carbohydrates and, through the metabolic process, reconvert the carbohydratesback into carbon dioxide, which is returned to the atmosphere to continue the cycle.
Verwenden
Crucibles, retorts, foundry facings, molds,
lubricants, paints and coatings, boiler compounds,
powder glazing, electrotyping, monochromator in
X-ray diffraction analysis, fluorinated graphite
polymers with fluorine-to-carbon ratios of 0.1–1.25,
electrodes, bricks, chemical equipment, motor and
generator brushes, seal rings, rocket nozzles, moderator
in nuclear reactors, cathodes in electrolytic
cells, pencils, fibers, self-lubricating bearings, intercalation
compounds.
Definition
The crystalline allotropic form of carbon.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Black grains that have been treated to improve absorptive ability. May heat spontaneously if not properly cooled after manufacture.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Highly flammable. Dust is explosive when exposed to heat or flame. Freshly prepared material can heat and spontaneously ignite in air. The presence of water assists ignition, as do contaminants such as oils. Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Carbon is incompatible with very strong oxidizing agents such as fluorine, ammonium perchlorate, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride, dichlorine oxide, chlorine trifluoride, potassium peroxide, etc. . Also incompatible with air, metals, unsaturated oils. [Lewis].
Hazard
(Powder, natural) Fire risk.
Health Hazard
Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.
Brandgefahr
Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.
Sicherheitsprofil
Moderately toxic by
intravenous route. Experimental
reproductive effects. It can cause a dust
irritation, particularly to the eyes and
mucous membranes. See also CARBON
BLACK, SOOT. Combustible when
exposed to heat. Dust is explosive when
exposed to heat or flame or oxides,
peroxides, oxosalts, halogens, interhalogens,
02, (NH4NO3 + heat), (NH4ClO4 @ 240°),
bromates, Ca(OCl)2, chlorates, (Cla +
Cr(OCl)2), Cl0, iodates, 105, Pb(NO3)~,
HgNO3, HNO3, (oils + air), (K + air), NaaS,
Zn(NO3)a. Incompatible with air, metals,
oxidants, unsaturated oils.
mögliche Exposition
Natural graphite is used in foundry
facings, steel making lubricants, refractories, crucibles,
pencil “lead,” paints, pigments, and stove polish. Artificial
graphite may be substituted for these uses with the excep tion of clay crucibles; other types of crucibles may be pro duced from artificial graphite. Additionally, it may be used
as a high temperature lubricant or for electrodes. It is uti lized in the electrical industry in electrodes, brushes, con tacts, and electronic tube rectifier elements; as a constituent
in lubricating oils and greases; to treat friction elements,
such as brake linings; to prevent molds from sticking
together; and in moderators in nuclear reactors. In addition,
concerns have been expressed about synthetic graphite in
fibrous form. Those exposed are involved in production of
graphite fibers from pitch or acrylonitrile fibers and the
manufacture and use of composites of plastics, metals, or
ceramics reinforced with graphite fibers.
Versand/Shipping
UN1362 Carbon, activated, Hazard Class: 4.2;
Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, International.
läuterung methode
Charcoal (50g) is added to 1L of 6M HCl and boiled for 45minutes. The supernatant is discarded, and the charcoal is boiled with two more lots of HCl, then with distilled water until the supernatant no longer gives a test for chloride ion. The charcoal (now phosphate-free) is filtered onto a sintered-glass funnel and air dried at 120o for 24hours. [Lippin et al. J Am Chem Soc 76 2871 1954.] The purification can be carried out using a Soxhlet extractor (without cartridge), allowing longer extraction times. Treatment with conc H2SO4 instead of HCl has been used to remove reducing substances.
Inkompatibilitäten
Graphite is a strong reducing agent and
reacts violently with oxidizers, such as fluorine, chlorine
trifluoride, and potassium peroxide. Forms an explosive
mixture with air. May be spontaneously combustible in air.
Waste disposal
Do not incinerate. Carbon
(graphite) fibers are difficult to dispose of by incineration.
Waste fibers should be packaged and disposed of in a land fill authorized for the disposal of special wastes of this
nature, or as otherwise may be required by law.
Kohlenstoff Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
4-QUINOXALIN-2-YLPHENOL
2,3-DIHYDRO-1H-INDOLE-5-CARBOXYLIC ACID
5-CYANO-2,3-DIHYDRO-1H-INDOLE
7-BROMO-3,4-DIHYDRO-4-OXOQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
5-AMINO-2-FLUOROPYRIMIDINE
2-QUINOXALINECARBONYL CHLORIDE
Acetonitril
3-(2-THIENYL)PROPIONIC ACID
Butandial
Aluminium, Verbindung mit Nickel (1:1)
Trichromdicarbid
4-THIOURACIL
Wolframcarbid
Chinuclidin-3-onhydrochlorid
3-aminopropanamide
5-AMINO-4-ISOXAZOLECARBONITRILE
4-FLUOROBENZYL ISOCYANATE
2,3-DIHYDROXYQUINOXALINE-6-CARBOXYLIC ACID
Toluol-4-sulfonamid
2-Amino-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4-olhydrochlorid
Etacrynsure
2-Amino-6,7-dimethylpteridin-4-ol
HPG
Ethylpiperazin-1-carboxylat
