D-(+)-サッカロース 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色の結晶性の粉末、又は光沢のある無色あるいは白色の結晶。
定義
本品は、次の化学式で表される二糖類である。
溶解性
水に易溶。エタノールに難溶。エーテルに不溶。水に極めて溶けやすく、エタノールに極めて溶けにくく、ジエチルエーテルにほとんど溶けない。
解説
スクロース，β-D-fructofuranosyl α-D-glucopyranoside．C12H22O11(342.30)．ショ糖，サッカロースともいう．砂糖として，食用そのほかに多量に用いられている非還元性二糖．植物の液汁，種子，葉，茎，果実，花などに広く存在する．なかでもサトウキビSaccharum officinarum L.(イネ科)，サトウダイコンBeta vulgaris L.(アカザ科)の汁液には10～20％ 含まれている．これらの汁液を石灰乳でpH 7.0～7.5として加熱後，濾過してタンパク質を除き，濾液を濃縮して過飽和にすると粗糖の結晶が析出する．濃縮，結晶を繰り返した残りのシロップを糖みつという．粗糖は活性炭，けいそう土などを用いて脱色し，さらに二酸化炭素を通して不純物を除去して濾液を濃縮し，精製糖を得る．白色，甘味をもつ融点170～186 ℃(再結晶溶媒による)の結晶．[α]20D ＋66.5°(水)．d254 1.587．約200 ℃ で褐色のカラメルになる．水100 g に対する溶解度は198.6 g(12.5 ℃)，245 g(45 ℃)．メタノールに可溶．酵母により発酵する．希薄な酸や酵素インベルターゼにより加水分解してグルコースとフルクトースの混合物になるが，その際に旋光度が右旋性から左旋性に転じるので，この反応を転化，生成した混合糖を転化糖という．植物中ではUDPグルコースとフルクトースから合成されるとみられるが，グルコース1-リン酸とフルクトースから合成するショ糖ホスホリラーゼも知られている．もっとも重要な甘味剤で，栄養料，調味料，嗜好品，保存料などとして用いられる．糖みつはアルコール，そのほかの発酵原料に利用される．各種の生化学実験，内服薬用の味つけ，糖衣，賦形，および希釈剤，注射用，分析用試薬などとしても用いる．LD50 29700 mg/kg(ラット，経口)．
用途
汎用試薬、生化学用汎用試薬、プロトプラストの作製及び精製。
用途
調製液原料、医薬品原料等。
用途
医薬、製剤原料。
用途
密度勾配遠心用、浸透圧調製用。
用途
糖類試験研究用。
用途
生化学用、糖類又は結晶
化粧品の成分用途
保水剤、香味剤
効能
矯味剤, 錠賦形剤, 固形キャリア剤
商品名
白糖 (吉田製薬); 白糖 (鈴粉末薬品)
化学的特性
Sucrose is a sugar obtained from sugar cane (Saccharum
officinarum Linne' (Fam. Gramineae)), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris
Linne' (Fam. Chenopodiaceae)), and other sources. It contains no
added substances. Sucrose occurs as colorless crystals, as crystalline
masses or blocks, or as a white crystalline powder; it is odorless and
has a sweet taste.
使用
sucrose (table sugar) is an emollient, mild emulsifier, and humectant. It can be used in place of glycerin.
定義
ChEBI: Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
調製方法
Sucrose is obtained from the sugar cane plant, which contains
15–20% sucrose, and sugar beet, which contains 10–17% sucrose.
Juice from these sources is heated to coagulate water-soluble
proteins, which are removed by skimming. The resultant solution is
then decolorized with an ion-exchange resin or charcoal and
concentrated. Upon cooling, sucrose crystallizes out. The remaining
solution is concentrated again and yields more sucrose, brown
sugar, and molasses.
一般的な説明
White odorless crystalline or powdery solid. Denser than water.
空気と水の反応
Water soluble. Sugar dust explosion is possibility.
反応プロフィール
D(+)-Sucrose is a reducing agent. Can react explosively with oxidizing agents such as chlorates and perchlorates. Is hydrolyzed by dilute acids and by invertase (a yeast enzyme) . Chars rapidly and exothermically when mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid.
危険性
Dental erosion. Questionable carcinogen.
健康ハザード
None
応用例（製薬）
Sucrose is widely used in oral pharmaceutical formulations.
Sucrose syrup, containing 50–67% w/w sucrose, is used in
tableting as a binding agent for wet granulation. In the powdered
form, sucrose serves as a dry binder (2–20% w/w) or as a bulking
agent and sweetener in chewable tablets and lozenges. Tablets
that contain large amounts of sucrose may harden to give poor
disintegration.
Sucrose syrups are used as tablet-coating agents at concentrations
between 50% and 67% w/w. With higher concentrations,
partial inversion of sucrose occurs, which makes sugar coating
difficult.
Sucrose syrups are also widely used as vehicles in oral liquiddosage
forms to enhance palatability or to increase viscosity.(4,5)
Sucrose has been used as a diluent in freeze-dried protein
products.
Sucrose is also widely used in foods and confectionery, and
therapeutically in sugar pastes that are used to promote wound
healing.
农业用途
is obtained from sugar beet, sugar cane and sweet
sorghum. Table sugar is the most common form of
sucrose. It comprises a glucose unit joined to a fructose
unit. Honey consists of sucrose and its hydrolysis
products.
Sucrose, glucose and fructose all exhibit optical
activity. When sucrose is hydrolyzed, the rotation
changes from right to left. This is called inversion, and an
equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose is called invert
sugar. The enzyme invertase hydrolyzes sucrose to
glucose and fructose.
Sugar occurs universally throughout the plant
kingdom in fruits, seeds, flowers and roots.
安全性プロファイル
Mildly toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Mutation data reported. Vigorous reaction with nitric acid or sulfuric acid (forms carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide). When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
安全性
Sucrose is hydrolyzed in the small intestine by the enzyme sucrase to
yield dextrose and fructose, which are then absorbed. When
administered intravenously, sucrose is excreted unchanged in the
urine.
Although sucrose is very widely used in foods and pharmaceutical
formulations, sucrose consumption is a cause of concern and
should be monitored in patients with diabetes mellitus or other
metabolic sugar intolerance.
Sucrose is also considered to be more cariogenic than other
carbohydrates since it is more easily converted to dental plaque. For
this reason, its use in oral pharmaceutical formulations is declining.
Although sucrose has been associated with obesity, renal
damage, and a number of other diseases, conclusive evidence
linking sucrose intake with some diseases could not be established.(
13,14) It was, however, recommended that sucrose intake in
the diet should be reduced.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 14 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 29.7 g/kg
貯蔵
Sucrose has good stability at room temperature and at moderate
relative humidity. It absorbs up to 1% moisture, which is released
upon heating at 90°C. Sucrose caramelizes when heated to
temperatures above 160°C. Dilute sucrose solutions are liable to
fermentation by microorganisms but resist decomposition at higher
concentrations, e.g. above 60% w/w concentration. Aqueous
solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or filtration.
When sucrose is used as a base for medicated confectionery, the
cooking process, at temperatures rising from 110 to 145℃, causes
some inversion to form dextrose and fructose (invert sugar). The
fructose imparts stickiness to confectionery but prevents cloudiness
due to graining. Inversion is accelerated particularly at temperatures
above 130°C and by the presence of acids.
純化方法
Crystallise D(+)-sucrose from water (solubility: 1g in 0.5mL H2O at 20o, 1g in 0.2mL in boiling H2O). It is soluble in EtOH (0.6%) and MeOH (1%). Sucrose diacetate hexaisobutyrate is purified by melting and, while molten, treated with NaHCO3 and charcoal, then filtered. [Beilstein 17/8 V 399.]
不和合性
Powdered sucrose may be contaminated with traces of heavy
metals, which can lead to incompatibility with active ingredients,
e.g. ascorbic acid. Sucrose may also be contaminated with sulfite
from the refining process. With high sulfite content, color changes
can occur in sugar-coated tablets; for certain colors used in sugarcoating
the maximum limit for sulfite content, calculated as sulfur, is
1 ppm. In the presence of dilute or concentrated acids, sucrose is
hydrolyzed or inverted to dextrose and fructose (invert sugar).
Sucrose may attack aluminum closures.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(injections; oral capsules, solutions, syrups, and tablets; topical
preparations). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines
licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable
Non-medicinal Ingredients.
D-(+)-サッカロース 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品