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Azathioprine

CAS No.
446-86-6
Chemical Name:
Azathioprine
Synonyms
IMURAN;muran;Imrel;azamun;azanin;imurek;imurel;Zytrim;Azasan;bw57-322
CBNumber:
CB2170327
Molecular Formula:
C9H7N7O2S
Molecular Weight:
277.26
MDL Number:
MFCD00069203
MOL File:
446-86-6.mol
MSDS File:
SDS
Last updated:2024-12-18 14:07:02

Azathioprine Properties

Melting point 243-244°C
Boiling point 521.0±60.0 °C(Predicted)
Density 1.5379 (rough estimate)
refractive index 1.7400 (estimate)
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility Soluble in Dichloromethane and dimethyl sulfoxide.
pka 8.2(at 25℃)
form Solid
color Pale-yellow crystals from Me2CO (aq)
Water Solubility <0.1 g/100 mL at 23 ºC
Merck 14,902
BCS Class 4
Stability Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
InChIKey LMEKQMALGUDUQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference 446-86-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA UNII MRK240IY2L
IARC 1 (Vol. 26, Sup 7, 100A) 2012
Proposition 65 List Azathioprine
NCI Drug Dictionary Imuran
ATC code L04AX01
EPA Substance Registry System Azathioprine (446-86-6)

Pharmacokinetic data

Protein binding <30%
Excreted unchanged in urine <2%
Volume of distribution 0.55-0.8(L/kg)
Biological half-life 3-5 / Increased

SAFETY

Risk and Safety Statements

Symbol(GHS)  GHS hazard pictogramsGHS hazard pictograms
GHS07,GHS08
Signal word  Danger
Hazard statements  H302-H315-H319-H335-H350-H361fd
Precautionary statements  P202-P261-P301+P312-P302+P352-P305+P351+P338-P308+P313
Hazard Codes  Xi,T,Xn
Risk Statements  45-22-36/37/38-20/21/22
Safety Statements  53-22-26-36/37-45-36
WGK Germany  3
RTECS  UO8925000
HazardClass  IRRITANT
HS Code  29339900
Hazardous Substances Data 446-86-6(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity LD50 orl-rat: 535 mg/kg NIIRDN 6,3,82
NFPA 704
0
2 0

Azathioprine price More Price(46)

Manufacturer Product number Product description CAS number Packaging Price Updated Buy
Sigma-Aldrich A4638 Azathioprine ≥98% 446-86-6 1g $128 2024-03-01 Buy
Sigma-Aldrich 1046001 Azathioprine United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard 446-86-6 200mg $393 2024-03-01 Buy
TCI Chemical A2069 Azathioprine >98.0%(HPLC)(T) 446-86-6 5g $175 2024-03-01 Buy
TCI Chemical A2069 Azathioprine >98.0%(HPLC)(T) 446-86-6 25g $524 2024-03-01 Buy
Alfa Aesar J62314 Azathioprine 446-86-6 1g $102.65 2024-03-01 Buy
Product number Packaging Price Buy
A4638 1g $128 Buy
1046001 200mg $393 Buy
A2069 5g $175 Buy
A2069 25g $524 Buy
J62314 1g $102.65 Buy

Azathioprine Chemical Properties,Uses,Production

Application in Particular Diseases

In Rheumatic Arthritis:
Azathioprine is a purine analog that is converted to 6-mercaptopurine and is thought to interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis. Antirheumatic effects may be seen in 3 to 4 weeks. It should be discontinued if no response is observed after 12 weeks at maximal doses. Its major adverse effects are bone marrow suppression (leukopenia, macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia), stomatitis, GI intolerance, infections, drug fever, hepatotoxicity, and oncogenic potential.

Description

This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused occupational dermatitis in a pharmaceutical worker, reconditioner of old tablet packaging machines and in a production mechanic, working in packaging for a pharmaceutical company.

Chemical Properties

Yellow Solid

Chemical Properties

Azathioprine is a complex heterocyclic compound which forms pale yellow crystals.

Originator

Imuran,Wellcome,UK,1964

Uses

Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive purine antimetabolite. The mechanism of action of azathioprine is as a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor. It has shown promise in treatment of alopecia areata (autoimmune hair loss), with no difference in effectiveness between genders.

Uses

immunosuppressant, antineoplastic, antirheumatic

Uses

An immunosuppressive antimetabolite. Also active as disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). Azathioprine is a purine analog with immunosuppressive effects.

Definition

ChEBI: A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and a ter organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

Indications

Azathioprine (Imuran) is a cytotoxic agent that preferentially destroys any rapidly dividing cell. Since immunologically competent cells are generally rapidly dividing cells, azathioprine is very effective as an immunosuppressive drug. Unfortunately, any cell that is replicating is a target for this action. This lack of specificity leads to serious side effects. Azathioprine, in combination with corticosteroids, has historically been used more widely than any other drug in immunosuppressive therapy. It is classified as a purine antimetabolite and is a derivative of 6-mercaptopurine.

Manufacturing Process

N,N'-Dimethyloxaldiamide is reacted with PCl5, to give 4-chloro-1-methyl imidazole. This is nitrated with HNO3 to give 5-nitro-1-methyl-4- chloroimidazole. Then, a mixture of 4.6 grams of anhydrous 6- mercaptopurine, 5 grams of 1-methyl-4-chloro-5-nitroimidazole and 2.5 grams of anhydrous sodium acetate in 100 ml of dry dimethyl sulfoxide was heated at 100°C for 7 hours.
After standing overnight at room temperature, the mixture was poured into 200 ml of cold water and the yellow precipitate of 6-(1'-methyl-4'-nitro-5'- imidazolyl)mercaptopurine (7.0 grams) collected. After recrystallization from 50% aqueous acetone, the product melted at 243-244°C, dec., and had an UV spectrum with λ maximum = 280 nm at pH 1 and λ max. = 285 nm at pH 11.

brand name

Imuran (Promethus).

Therapeutic Function

Immunosuppressive

General Description

Pale yellow crystals or yellowish powder. Decomposes at 243-244°C. Used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A known carcinogen.

Air & Water Reactions

Sensitive to oxidation in the air. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Azathioprine may react exothermically with acids. Incompatible with isocyanates, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Hydrolyzed by strongly basic solutions . May react with strong reducing agents to generate flammable gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide.

Hazard

Confirmed carcinogen.

Fire Hazard

Flash point data for Azathioprine are not available. Azathioprine is probably combustible.

Contact allergens

This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused allergic contact dermatitis in a mother crushing tablets for her leukemic son, and occupational dermatitis in a pharmaceutical reconditioner of old tablet packaging machines, and in a production mechanic working in packaging for a pharmaceutical company.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Has shown promise in treatment of alopecia areata (autoimmune hair loss), with no difference in effectiveness between genders.

Mechanism of action

Azathioprine is a phase-specific drug that is toxic to cells during nucleic acid synthesis. Phase-specific drugs are toxic during a specific phase of the mitotic cycle, usually the S-phase, when DNA synthesis is occurring, as opposed to cycle-specific drugs that kill both cycling and intermitotic cells.
Azathioprine is converted in vivo to thioinosinic acid, which competitively inhibits the synthesis of inosinic acid, the precursor to adenylic acid and guanylic acid. In this way, azathioprine inhibits DNA synthesis and therefore suppresses lymphocyte proliferation.This effectively inhibits both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.

Pharmacology

Azathioprine is well absorbed following oral administration, with peak blood levels occurring within 1 to 2 hours. It is rapidly and extensively metabolized to 6- mercaptopurine, which is further converted in the liver and erythrocytes to a variety of metabolites, including 6- thiouric acid. Metabolites are excreted in the urine.The half-life of azathioprine and its metabolites in the blood is about 5 hours.

Clinical Use

Azathioprine is a relatively powerful antiinflammatory agent. Although its beneficial effect in various conditions is principally attributable to its direct immunosuppressive action, the antiinflammatory properties of the drug play an important role in its overall therapeutic effectiveness.
Azathioprine has been used widely in combination with corticosteroids to inhibit rejection of organ transplants, particularly kidney and liver allografts. However, it is usually reserved for patients who do not respond to cyclosporine plus corticosteroids alone.
Azathioprine also has applications in certain disorders with autoimmune components, most commonly rheumatoid arthritis. It is as effective as cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. It has largely been replaced by cyclosporine in immunosuppressive therapy. Relative to other cytotoxic agents, the better oral absorption of azathioprine is the reason for its more widespread clinical use.

Side effects

The therapeutic use of azathioprine has been limited by the number and severity of adverse effects associated with its administration. Bone marrow suppression resulting in leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or both may occur. GI toxicity may be a problem. It is also mildly hepatotoxic. Because of its immunosuppressive activity, azathioprine therapy can lead to serious infections. It has been shown to be mutagenic in animals and humans and carcinogenic in animals.

Safety Profile

Confirmed human carcinogen producing bladder tumors and leukemia. Poison by subcutaneous, intradermal, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects: liver changes, hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, increased body temperature, BP lowering, decreased urine volume or anuria, normocytic anemia, bone marrow changes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NO,xand SOx. An immunosuppressant.

Synthesis

Azathioprine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio]purine (31.2.1), is synthesized by heteroarylation of the sulfhydrile group of 6-mercaptopurine (30.1.2.9) with 5-chloro-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol in the presence of sodium acetate as a weak base.

Synthesis_446-86-6

Potential Exposure

Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent, generally used in combination with a corticosteroid to prevent rejection following renal homotransplantations. It also is used following transplantation of other organs. Other uses of azathioprine include the treatment of a variety of presumed autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; systemic lupus erythematosus; dermatonyositis, periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, refractory thombocytopenic purpura; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; chronic active liver disease; regional enteritis; ulcerative colitis; various autoimmune diseases of the eye; acute and chronic glomerulonephritis; the nephritic syndrome; Wegener’s granulomatosis; and multiple sclerosis.

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

In veterinary medicine, azathioprine is used primarily as an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases in dogs. See Doses below for more information. For autoagglutinizing immune mediated hemolytic anemia, azathioprine is generally recommended to start at the time of diagnosis. When used in combination with cyclosporine, azathioprine has been used to prevent rejection of MHC-matched renal allografts in dogs.
Although the drug can be very toxic to bone marrow in cats, it is sometimes used to treat feline autoimmune skin diseases.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Allopurinol: enhances effect with increased toxicity. Reduce azathioprine dose by 50-75% if administered concomitantly - ideally avoid.
Antibacterials: increased risk of haematological toxicity with co-trimoxazole.
Anticoagulants: possibly reduced anticoagulant effect of coumarins.
Antipsychotics: avoid with clozapine.
Antivirals: myelosuppressive effects enhanced by ribavirin.
Ciclosporin: decreased ciclosporin absorption and bioavailability.
Cytotoxics may be additive or synergistic in producing toxicity, particularly on the bone marrow.
Febuxostat: avoid concomitant use.
Vaccines: risk of generalised infections with live vaccines - avoid.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate with water or normalsaline immediately for at least 20°30 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, removecontaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap andwater. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemicalhas been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescuebreathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart actionhas stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. Whenthis chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention.Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do notmake an unconscious person vomit.

Carcinogenicity

Azathioprine is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

Metabolism

Azathioprine is extensively metabolised to its active moiety mercaptopurine, which in turn is activated intracellularly by conversion to nucleotide derivatives. Mercaptopurine is rapidly and extensively metabolised in the liver, by methylation, oxidation and by the formation of inorganic sulfates. Thiol methylation is catalysed by the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). TPMT activity is highly variable in patients because of a genetic polymorphism in the TPMT gene. About 10% of a dose of azathioprine is reported to be split between the sulfur and the purine ring to give 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole. The proportion of different metabolites is reported to vary between patients. Metabolites and small amounts of unchanged azathioprine and mercaptopurine are eliminated in the urine.

storage

Color Code—Blue: Health Hazard/Poison: Store ina secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemicalyou should be trained on its proper handling and storage.Store in a refrigerator under an inert atmosphere. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemicalis handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHAStandard 1910.1045.

Shipping

UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

Incompatibilities

Incompatible with reducing agents, such as hydrides (may cause the release of explosive gases), oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong acids (violent exothermic reaction), strong bases.

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View Lastest Price from Azathioprine manufacturers

Image Update time Product Price Min. Order Purity Supply Ability Manufacturer
Azathioprine pictures 2024-12-13 Azathioprine
446-86-6
US $0.00 / kg 1kg 98%min 1000kg WUHAN FORTUNA CHEMICAL CO., LTD
Azathioprine pictures 2024-11-19 Azathioprine
446-86-6
US $45.00 / mg 99.49% 10g TargetMol Chemicals Inc.
Azathioprine pictures 2024-11-19 Azathioprine
446-86-6
US $45.00 / mg 99.49% 10g TargetMol Chemicals Inc.
  • Azathioprine pictures
  • Azathioprine
    446-86-6
  • US $0.00 / kg
  • 98%min
  • WUHAN FORTUNA CHEMICAL CO., LTD
  • Azathioprine pictures
  • Azathioprine
    446-86-6
  • US $45.00 / mg
  • 99.49%
  • TargetMol Chemicals Inc.
  • Azathioprine pictures
  • Azathioprine
    446-86-6
  • US $45.00 / mg
  • 99.49%
  • TargetMol Chemicals Inc.

Azathioprine Spectrum

6-((1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio)-1h-purin 6-((1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio)-purin 6-(1’-methyl-4’-nitro-5’-imidazolyl)-mercaptopurine 6-(1-Methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolythio)-9H-pur-ine 6-(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-ylthio)purin 6-(1-methyl-p-nitro-5-imidazolyl)-thiopurine Azathioprine (200 mg) USP30/EP5 API 6-((1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-iMidazol-5-yl)thio)-7H-purine EP, CEP, USP azamun azanin azathioprineusp bw57-322 imurek imurel methylnitroimidazolylmercaptopurine muran nci-c03474 nsc-39084 AZATHIOPRINE AZATHIOPURINE 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1h-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-1h-purine 6-(1-METHYL-4-NITROIMIDAZOL-5-YL)THIOPURINE 6-(methyl-p-nitro-5-imidazolyl)-thiopurine Azothioprine 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-1H-purine, BW-57-322, NSC-39084, Azanin, Imuran, Imurek, Imurel, Zytrim 1H-Purine, 6-(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio- PURINE,6-((1-METHYL-4-NITROIMIDAZOL-5-YL)THIO)- AZATHIOPRINE[6-(METHYL-P-NITRO-5-IMIDAZOLYL)-THIOPURINE] Zytrim azathioprine crystalline 6-(1-Methyl-4-nitromidazol-5-ylthio)purine 6-(3-Methyl-5-nitroimidazol-4-yl)sulfanyl-7H-purine Imrel 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio]-9H-purine Azasan S-(7H-purin-8-yl)thiohydroxylamine Azathiprine Usp30/Ep5 Azathioprine RS Azathioprine > Azathioprine CRS 6-[(1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]-7H-purine 9H-Purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio]- Azathioprine USP/EP/BP Azathioprine (BW 57-322) Azathioprine-d3Q: What is Azathioprine-d3 Q: What is the CAS Number of Azathioprine-d3 Q: What is the storage condition of Azathioprine-d3 Q: What are the applications of Azathioprine-d3 Azathioprine (1046001) IMURAN Azathioprine, ≥ 98.0% 446-86-6 C9H7N7O2S Pharmaceutical intermediates AZANIN Intermediates & Fine Chemicals Pharmaceuticals API's Biochemistry