クロルピリホス 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色、結晶～結晶性粉末
溶解性
アセトンに溶ける。
用途
農薬(殺虫剤)
効能
殺虫薬, アセチルコリンエステラーゼ阻害薬
農薬用途
殺虫剤
使用上の注意
アルゴン封入
説明
Chlorpyrifos is a chlorinated organophosphorus (OP) ester
manufactured as an insecticide, acaricide, and miticide. Like the
other OP insecticides, the most prominent toxicity of chlorpyrifos
is associated with binding and inhibition of the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in insects and mammals. Chlorpyrifos
requires metabolic activation to chlorpyrifos oxon to
yield anticholinesterase activity.
First sold in 1965, chlorpyrifos is used globally to control
agricultural and structural pests and mosquitos. In the 1990s,
chlorpyrifos ranked as one of the top selling pesticides in the
world, for the most part, replacing the persistent organochlorine
insecticides. Over the last decade, concerns regarding
toxicity to the developing nervous system have limited its use.
By 2001, residential uses and uses in schools and parks were
prohibited, and many agricultural uses were restricted and the
US Residential use limitations were also imposed in Canada,
Australia, and the European Union (EU). It continues to be
used in large quantities to control crop damage worldwide. In the developing countries, excessive agricultural application
and lack of protective devices result in hundreds of thousands
of deaths yearly.
化学的特性
Chlorpyrifos belongs to the class of insecticides known as organophosphates. Technical
chlorpyrifos is an amber to white crystalline solid with a mild sulfur odor. It is insoluble in
water, but soluble in benzene, acetone, chloroform, carbon disulfi de, diethyl ether, xylene,
methylene chloride, and methanol. Formulations of chlorpyrifos include emulsifi able concentrate, dust, granular wettable powder, microcapsule, pellet, and sprays. Chlorpyrifos
is widely used as an active ingredient in many commercial insecticides, such as Dursban
and Lorsban, to control household pests, mosquitoes, and pests. Formulations of chlorpyrifos include emulsifi able concentrates, granules, wettable powders, dust, microcapsules,
pellets, and sprays. The US EPA has classifi ed chlorpyrifos as a GUP
物理的性質
Chlorpyrifos is a white crystalline or irregularly flaked solid. Chlorpyrifos has a very faint mercaptan-type odor. Chlorpyrifos is not soluble in water. Chlorpyrifos can cause slight irritation to the eye and skin.
使用
Chlorpyrifos belongs to a class of insecticides known as organophosphates. Technical chlorpyrifos is amber to white crystalline solid with a mild sulphur odour. Formulations of chlorpyrifos include emulsifiable concentrate, dust, granular wettable powder, microcapsule, pellet, and sprays. Chlorpyrifos is widely used as an active ingredient in many commercial insecticides such as Dursban and Lorsban to control household pests, mosquitoes, and pests in animal houses. The U.S. EPA classified chlorpyrifos as GUP.
定義
ChEBI: An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water. Chlorpyrifos reacts with water and most reactive hydrogen compounds. The rate of hydrolysis in water increases with pH, with temperature and with the presence of copper and possibly other metals that can form chelates.
反応プロフィール
Chlorpyrifos is sensitive to heat and is decomposed by moisture. Chlorpyrifos is hydrolyzed by strong alkalis. Chlorpyrifos is corrosive to copper and brass. Chlorpyrifos is also corrosive to copper alloys. Chlorpyrifos reacts with water and most reactive hydrogen compounds. The rate of hydrolysis in water increases with pH, with temperature and with the presence of copper and possibly other metals that can form chelates.
健康ハザード
Exposures to chlorpyrifos cause adverse health effects and poisoning. The symptoms
include, but are not limited to, headache, dizziness, respiratory problems, muscular and
joint pains, numbness, tingling sensations, incoordination, tremor, nausea, abdominal
cramps, vomiting, sweating, blurred vision, respiratory depression, slow heart beat, nervousness, weakness, cramps, diarrhea, chest pain, pin-point pupils, tearing, salivation,
clear nasal discharge and sputum, muscle twitching, and in severe poisonings convulsions, coma, and death. Exposures to chlorpyrifos cause adverse effects to the nervous
system. The effects include phosphorylation of the active site, disturbance in the activity of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme (inactivity). AChE enzyme is necessary to stop
the transmission of the chemical neurotransmitter.
In occupational workers, high concentrations of chlorpyrifos cause poisoning with
symptoms of unconsciousness, convulsions and/or fatal injury. Persons with respiratory ailments and disturbed liver function are known to be at increased health risk.
Also, repeated exposures to chlorpyrifos have been reported to cause disturbances in
the process of brain development.
火災危険
Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.
农业用途
Insecticide, Nematicide: A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP).
Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used insecticides
in the U.S., both around the home and in agriculture. A
broad-spectrum insecticide, originally used primarily
to kill mosquitoes but no longer registered for that use.
Chlorpyrifos is effective in controlling cutworms, corn
rootworms, cockroaches, grubs, flea beetles, flies, termites,
fire ants, and lice. It is used as an insecticide on grain,
cotton, field, fruit, nut and vegetable crops, as well as on
lawns and ornamental plants. It is also registered for direct use on sheep and turkeys, for horse site treatment, dog
kennels, domestic dwellings, farm buildings, storage bins,
and commercial establishments. Chlorpyrifos acts on pests
primarily as a contact poison, with some action as a stomach poison. It is available as granules, wettable powder, dustable powder and emulsifiable concentrate. Top crop uses
in California include cotton, alfalfa, almonds, and oranges.
製品名
(Note: EPA Office of Pesticide Programs
lists 2135 products, both active and past-registered)
ALUDOR®; BAR 500 EC®; BRODAN®; CHLORBAN®;
CHLORPIRIFOS 480 CE MILENIA®; CHOIR®;
COROBAN®; CURIGNA®; CYREN®; DETMOL U. A. ®;
DORSAN®; DORSAN®-C; DOWCO® 179; DURSBAN®;
EF 121®; EMPIRE®; ERADEX®; GLOBAL CRAWLING
INSECT BAIT®; KENSBAN®; LORSBAN®; MURPHY
SUPER ROOT GUARD®; PAQEANT®; PILOT®;
PYRINEX®); SCOUT®; SPANNIT®; STIPEND;
TALON®; TAFABAN®; TERIAL®; TWINSPAN®
安全性プロファイル
Poison by ingestion,
intraperitoneal, skin contact, and inhalation
routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion:
paresthesia, muscle weakness, coma.
Experimental reproductive effects:
developmental toxicity. Mutation data
reported. When heated to decomposition it
emits very toxic fumes of Cl-, NOx POx
and SOx
職業ばく露
A potential danger to those involved in the manufacture, formulation, and application of this insecticide.
発がん性
Some recent studies have
reported associations between chlorpyrifos exposure and
increased risk for cancer for farm workers participating in
the Agricultural Health Study. Specifically, increased risk for
glioma and rectal cancer has been associated with chlorpyrifos
exposure . Chlorpyrifos was also one pesticide
associated with trends toward higher incidence of lung
cancer through 2001 . For all cancers though, follow-
up periods are short and exposures are based on recall so
results may be unreliable.
環境運命予測
Biological. From the first-order biotic and abiotic rate constants of chlorpyrifos in
estuarine water and sediment/water systems, the estimated biodegradation half-lives were
3.5–41 and 11.9–51.4 days, respectively (Walker et al., 1988)
Soil. Hydrolyzes in soil to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (Somasundaram et al., 1991).
The half-lives in a silt loam and clay loam were 12 and 4 weeks, respectively (Getzin,
1981). In another study, Getzin (1981a) reported the hydrolysis half-lives
Leoni et al. (1981) reported that the major degradation product of chlorpyrifos in soil
is 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. The major factors affecting the rate of degradation include
chemical hydrolysis in moist soils, clay-catalyzed hydrolysis on dry soil s
Plant. The half-life of chlorpyrifos in Bermuda grasses was 2.9 days (Leuck et al.,
1975). The concentration and the formulation of application of chlorpyrifos will determine
the rate of evaporation from leaf surfaces. Reported foliar half-lives on tomato, orange and
cotton leaves were 15–139, 1.4–96 and 5.5–57 hours, respectively (Veierov et al., 1988).
Dislodgable residues of chlorpyrifos on cotton leaf 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after
application (1.1 kg/ha) were 3.64, 0.13, 0.071, 0.055 and 0.034 μg/m2, respectively (Buck
et al., 1980)
Surface Water. In an estuary, the half-life of chlorpyrifos was 24 days (Schimmel et
al., 1983).
代謝経路
The metaboic fate of chlorpyrifos in soil, plants and animals is similar,
with oxidative dealkylation or hydrolysis to diethyl phosphorothioate
and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol being the major route of detoxification.
The latter metabolite is conjugated as the glycosides or glucuronides in
plants and animals. De-ethylation is not a major route of detoxification in
mammals. Activation by desulfuration to the active acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor, chlorpyrifos oxon, occurs in both animals and plants but the
compound is often not detected owing to its rapid rate of hydrolysis.
Dechlorination of the chloropyridine ring also occurs in the environment,
principally by photolysis.
輸送方法
UN2783 Organo phosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN3018 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
不和合性
Above 130°C this chemical may undergo violent exothermic decomposition. The substance decomposes on heating at approximately 160°C and on burning, producing toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides; phosphorous oxides, sulfur oxides. Reacts with strong acids; strong bases; causing hydrolysis. Attacks copper and brass. Contact with oxidizers may cause the release of phosphorous oxides. Contact with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides, may cause the formation of flammable and toxic phosphine gas.
廃棄物の処理
This compound is 50% hydrolyzed in aqueous MeOH solution at pH 6 in 1930 days; and in 7.2 days at pH 9.96. Spray mixtures of <1% concentration are destroyed with an excess of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in <30 minutes @ 100°C; and in 24 hours @ 30°C. Concentrated (61.5%) mixtures are essentially destroyed by treatment with 100:1 volumes of the above sodium hypochlorite solution and steam in 10 minutes. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.
予防処置
Occupational workers should be careful during handling and use of chlorpyrifos. The
workplace should have adequate washing facilities at all times and close to the site of
handling and use. Eating, drinking, and smoking should be prohibited during handling
and before washing after handling. Containers should be kept away from foodstuffs,
animal feed and their containers, and out of reach of children.
クロルピリホス 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品