ニッケル 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
銀灰色の球状
溶解性
希鉱酸(塩酸、硫酸、硝酸等)に溶け、水及び水酸化アルカリ溶液に溶けない。うすい硝酸に溶ける。
主な性質
- ニッケル単体は銀白色の金属で、合金は耐熱材料と磁性材として利用
- ニッケルは空気及び水に対して常温で極めて安定(メッキ材として多用される)
- ニッケルの耐酸性は鉄と銅との中間(pH5以下でないと腐食しない。アルカリにはほとんど侵されない)
- 高熱下塩素酸と臭素とは、火を発して反応する
- 微粉状のニッケルは発火性があり、かなりの水素を溶かし水素化触媒となる
- 単体のニッケルは延展性に富む
- ニッケルはコバルトと共に鉄に添加して耐熱合金を作る(ニオブ、タンタル、モリブデン、タングステン等耐火金属より融点の低いニッケルやコバルトが耐熱合金としてのベースに使用されるのは、生成酸化物が緻密で蒸気圧が小さいため、耐酸化性や耐クリープ性が良好であるため)
解説
ニッケル,銀白色,通常は面心立方格子.密度8.902 g cm-3(25 ℃).融点1453 ℃,沸点2732 ℃.標準電極電位 Ni2+/Ni-0.257 V.第一イオン化エネルギー7.635 eV.鍛造,鍛接ができ,展延性に富む.立方格子のものは強磁性だが,鉄よりは弱い.キュリー温度は358 ℃.金属結合半径0.125 nm.Ni2+(六配位)0.083 nm.
森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)
用途
2007年における世界のニッケル消費量は132万トンであり、そのうち日本は13%を占める。純金属として実験器具や家具などの材料に、まためっき用として金属表面の保護に用いられる。微粉末状のものは水素を吸蔵するので、水素添加用触媒として用いられる。しかしそれ以上に各種の合金の成分としての需要のほうが多く、たとえば、洋銀、ニクロム、コンスタンタン、マンガニン、ニッケリンなどの合金として多方面に用いられるほか、鋼に添加してニッケル鋼、ニッケルクロム鋼、ステンレス鋼、耐熱鋼、磁石鋼などの特殊鋼が製造される。
用途
ラネーニッケル触媒の原料。
用途
高純度金属、合金材料。
主な用途
- ステンレス鋼、特殊鋼の添加成分(耐熱材部品、ヘリコプター、航空機部品、ジェットエンジン、鉄道車輌、建材、日用品)
- メッキ(自動車用鋼板、自転車部材、家電部材、リードフレーム等電子部材)
- 触媒(石油精製、油脂加工の反応剤)
- 磁性材料(ラジオ、ステレオのスピーカー、ロボット、モーター、パソコン用部品、情報記録部品)
- 非鉄材料(アンバー、42アロイなど電子部品、通信機用部品)
- エネルギー機器(ニッケル?水素電池、燃料電池、熱交換機)
- その他(フェライト、磁気カード、ガラス部品)
製法
ニッケルの製錬法は鉱石の種類や品位によってさまざまであるが、一般に、原料が硫化鉱の場合には、精鉱はそのまま、硫黄含有量の多いものは不完全焙焼(ばいしょう)によって硫黄を減らしたのち、融剤(石灰石、珪石など)を加え、溶鉱炉、反射炉、自溶炉などで融解する。原料が珪酸塩鉱の場合には硫化剤(石膏(せっこう)、芒硝(ぼうしょう)など)を加えて同様の処理をする。ニッケルは硫化物(鈹(かわ)、マットともいう)に、また鉄その他の不純物はケイ酸塩(スラグ)となり、比重の差によって分離される。このようにして得た硫化ニッケルを焼いて酸化ニッケルとし、これを反射炉で炭素で還元するか、または水性ガスで還元して粗ニッケルとする。粗ニッケルを陽極とし、ステンレス鋼を陰極として電解すると、純度99.0~99.5%のニッケルが得られる。また、粗ニッケルに40~90℃で一酸化炭素を通じて揮発性(沸点42.3℃)のテトラカルボニルニッケルNi(CO)4に変え、これを200℃近辺で熱分解すると、純度99.90~99.99%のものが得られる(モンド法)。
生体とニッケル
体内ニッケル総含量は正常人で6~10mgとされる。臓器では、肺、肋骨、皮膚、小腸に多いが、特異的にニッケルを大量蓄積する臓器はない。ただし、ニッケルカルボニル中毒者では、肺に蓄積傾向がみられる。
血清、尿中ニッケル濃度は曝露の指標となることが示されている。すなわち、ニッケル鉱山地区のニッケル職業性曝露者と対照との報告があり、対照が血清中ニッケル濃度2.6±0.9 (0.8~5.2)μg/lに対し、4.6±1.4(2.0~7.3)μg/lと増加がみられている。このときの尿でも、対照の 2.6±1.4(0.5~6.4)μg/日に対し、7.9±3.7(2.3~15.7)μg/日と増加がみられている。
ニッケルの毒性は化学形態とその物性で異なる。経口毒性は比較的低く、銅、コバルト、亜鉛など必須金属と同程度である。しかし、吸入ではニッケルカルボニルの毒性が大で、ヒトにとっての致死量は30ppm30分と推定されている。0.001ppm8時間曝露でも肺炎がみられる。一般には曝露24時間ぐらいで症状が出現し、病理学的には、肺うっ血?浮腫、間質性肺炎、肝変性および中心静脈周辺の壊死、腎?膵の変性がもっとも特徴的である。
使用上の注意
粉末にした場合は、強力な還元剤であり、酸化剤と反応。酸素と激しく反応し、火災や爆発の危険をもたらす。
化学的特性
RANEY NICKEL is a hard, ductile, magnetic metal with a silver-white color.
物理的性質
Nickel metal does not exist freely in nature. Rather, it is located as compounds in ores ofvarying colors, ranging from reddish-brown rocks to greenish and yellowish deposits, andin copper ores. Once refined from its ore, the metallic nickel is a silver-white and hard butmalleable and ductile metal that can be worked hot or cold to fabricate many items. Nickel,located in group 10, and its close neighbor, copper, just to its right in group 11 of the periodictable, have two major differences. Nickel is a poor conductor of electricity, and copper is anexcellent conductor, and although copper is not magnetic, nickel is. Nickel’s melting point is1,455°C, its boiling point is 2,913°C, and its density is 8.912 g/cm
3.
同位体
There are 31 isotopes of nickel, ranging from Ni-48 to Ni-78. Five of these arestable, and the percentage of their contribution to the element’s natural existence onEarth are as follows: Ni-58 = 68.077%, Ni-60 = 26.223%, Ni-61 = 1.140%, Ni-62 =3.634%, and Ni 64 = 0.926%. All of the other 26 isotopes of nickel are artificially madeand radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few nanoseconds to 7.6×10
4 years.
名前の由来
The name is derived from the ore niccolite, meaning “Old Nick,”
referred to as the devil by German miners. The niccolite mineral ore was also called
“kupfernickel,” which in German stands for two things; first, it is the name of a gnome
(similar to Cobalt), and second, it refers to “Old Nick’s false copper.”
天然物の起源
Nickel is the 23rd most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is somewhat plentiful but scattered and makes up one-hundredth of 1% of igneous rocks. Nickel metal is foundin meteorites (as are some other elements). It is believed that molten nickel, along with iron,makes up the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth.There are several types of nickel ores. One is the major ore for nickel called pentlandite(NiS ? 2FeS), which is iron/nickel sulfide. Another is a mineral called niccolite (NiAs), discovered in 1751 and first found in a mining area of Sweden. By far, the largest mining area fornickel is located in Ontario, Canada, where it is recovered from what is thought to be a verylarge meteorite that crashed into the Earth eons ago. This large nickel deposit is one reasonfor the theory of the Earth’s core being molten nickel and iron, given that both the Earth andmeteorites were formed during the early stages of the solar system. Some nickel ores are alsofound in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Scandinavia. Traces of nickel exist in soils, coal,plants, and animals.
特性
As mentioned, nickel is located in group 10 (VIII) and is the third element in the specialtriad (Fe, Co, Ni) of the first series of the transition elements. Nickel’s chemical and physicalproperties, particularly its magnetic peculiarity, are similar to iron and cobalt.Some acids will attack nickel, but it offers excellent protection from corrosion from air andseawater. This quality makes it excellent for electroplating other metals to form a protectivecoating. Nickel is also an excellent alloy metal, particularly with iron, for making stainless steelas well as a protective armor for military vehicles. It is malleable and can be drawn throughdies to form wires. About one pound of nickel metal can be drawn to about 200 miles of thinwire.
使用
Nickel-plating; for various alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; for coins, electrotypes, storage batteries; magnets, lightning-rod tips, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, machinery parts; catalyst for hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. manufacture of Monel metal, stainless steels, heat resistant steels, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, nickel-chrome resistance wire; in alloys for electronic and space applications.
定義
ChEBI: Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.
製造方法
The carbonyl process is most commonly employed when very pure nickel is required.
The impure metal is reacted with pure carbon monoxide at 50° and the carbonyl produced
fractionated several times prior to pyrolysis at around 200°. The nickel thus obtained
has a purity of 99.90-99.99% depending upon the materials used.
Electrolytic methods for producing high purity nickel depend upon the production of high purity nickel salts. The nickel obtained by the electrolysis of pure nickel chloride solution with inert platinum-iridium anodes is 99.99% pure.
調製方法
Nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore
concentrates using pyrometallurgic and hydrometallurgic
processes. The resultant nickel matte obtained by roasting
and smelting is subjected to further cleaning by electro-,
vapo-, and hydrometallurgic refining methods. Some portion
of the matte is roasted to obtain commercial nickel oxide
agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% nickel can be obtained by electrolytic
refining process.
The most pure, 99.97%, nickel is obtained by vapometallurgy.
In this process, known also as the Mond method,nickel and copper sulfide blend is converted to oxides and
then reduced by heating with water gas at 350–400°C. The
resultant active form of nickel is treated with carbon monoxide
to give volatile nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)4]. The latter
reaction is reversible; heating results in pure nickel and
carbon monoxide.
一般的な説明
Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.
空気と水の反応
Pyrophoric, Ignites spontaneously in the presence of air; during storage, H2 escapes with fire and explosion hazards; reacts violently with acids forming H2. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 807].
反応プロフィール
Metals, such as METAL CATALYST, are reducing agents and tend to react with oxidizing agents. Their reactivity is strongly influenced by their state of subdivision: in bulk they often resist chemical combination; in powdered form they may react very rapidly. Thus, as a bulk metal Nickel is somewhat unreactive, but finely divided material may be pyrophoric. The metal reacts exothermically with compounds having active hydrogen atoms (such as acids and water) to form flammable hydrogen gas and caustic products. The reactions are less vigorous than the similar reactions of alkali metals, but the released heat can still ignite the released hydrogen. Materials in this group may react with azo/diazo compounds to form explosive products. These metals and the products of their corrosion by air and water can catalyze polymerization reactions in several classes of organic compounds; these polymerizations sometimes proceed rapidly or even explosively. Some metals in this group form explosive products with halogenated hydrocarbons. Can react explosively with oxidizing materials.
危険性
Nickel dust and powder are flammable. Most nickel compounds, particularly the salts, aretoxic. NiSO
4 is a known carcinogen.
Although nickel is not easily absorbed in the digestive system, it can cause toxic reactionsand is a confirmed carcinogen in high concentration in the body. Nickel workers can receivesevere skin rashes and lung cancer from exposure to nickel dust and vapors.
Nickel is stored in the brain, spinal cord, lungs, and heart. It can cause coughs, shortnessof breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and general weakness.
火災危険
Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.
安全性プロファイル
Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic,
neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Poison
by ingestion, intratracheal, intraperitoneal,
subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. An
experimental teratogen. Ingestion of soluble
salts causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Mutation data reported. Hypersensitivity to
nickel is common and can cause allergic
contact dermatitis, pulmonary asthma,
conjunctivitis, and inflammatory reactions
around nickel-containing medcal implants
and prostheses. Powders may ignite
spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with
F2, NH4NO3, hydrazine, NH3, (H2 +
dioxane), performic acid, P, Se, S, (Ti +
KCLO3). Incompatible with oxidants (e.g.,
bromine pentafluoride, peroxyformic acid,
potassium perchlorate, chlorine, nitryl
fluoride, ammonium nitrate), Raney-nickel
catalysts may initiate hazardous reactions
with ethylene + aluminum chloride, pdioxane,
hydrogen, hydrogen + oxygen,
magnesium silicate, methanol, organic
solvents + heat, sulfur compounds. Nickel
catalysts have caused many industrial
accidents.
導入
ニッケル金属は銀白色で展性・延性が高く加工性に優れることから、「洋白・洋銀」(ニッケル、銅、亜鉛の合金で銀白色の光沢を持つ)として装身具、洋食器、貨幣等に広く利用されてきた。
特性
・導電性、熱伝導性が高い
・展性・延性が高く加工性に
優れる
・耐食性と耐熱性に優れる
用途
クロムなどとの合金によるステンレス鋼や耐熱鋼等が最大の用途
で、硬貨から電子産業まで幅広い活躍
Ni の用途の約 70%はステンレス鋼で原料として主にフェロニッケル
(FeNi)が用いられる。Ni 地金は特殊鋼(LNG タンク、自動車、船舶、機械向
け構造用合金鋼)、ガスタービン用Ni基耐熱合金、メッキ、磁性材料(アルニ
コ磁石)等で利用される。硫酸 Ni 等の Ni 化合物が磁性材料、電池材料(Ni
水素電池、リチウムイオン電池(以下 LIB)の正極材)、触媒材料として使用
されている。「洋白・洋銀」(銅・Ni・亜鉛合金)は食器、貨幣などに古くから使
用されてきた。めっきは 19 世紀に実用化された。その後、合金の開発が進
みステンレス産業の発展に伴い需要が増大している。
発がん性
Metallic nickel is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
輸送方法
UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN3077
Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material,
Technical Name Required.
不和合性
Nickel dust is a spontaneously flammable
solid and a dangerous fire hazard.
廃棄物の処理
Nickel compoundsencapsulation
followed by disposal in a chemical waste
landfill. However, nickel from various industrial wastes
may also be recovered and recycled as described in the
literature.
ニッケル 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
2-クロロ-4,5-ジアミノピリミジン
6-クロロ-4,5-ピリミジンジアミン
2,5-ジメチルー2,5-ビス(t-ブチルパーオキシ)ヘキサン
4-アミノ-3-メチル安息香酸メチル
5-AMINO-6-CHLORO-PYRIMIDIN-4-OL
5-クロロインドール-3-カルボキシアルデヒド
二硝酸ニッケル(II)
methanation catalysts
シクロドデカン
ヒマシ硬化油
1-(3-アミノプロピル)イミダゾール
2-ピペリドン-3-カルボン酸エチル
2,5-ジメチル-2,5-ヘキサンジオール
4-AMINO-2-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PYRIMIDINE-5-CARBALDEHYDE
1,2-ジアミノ-2-メチルプロパン
ヘプタミノール
ニッケル オキシド
4-アミノ安息香酸イソプロピル
4-CHLORO-6-HYDRAZINO-PYRIMIDIN-5-YLAMINE
4-AMINO-5-AMINOMETHYL-2-METHYLPYRIMIDINE
ヒドロケイ皮酸
meso-エリトリトール
N-エチルプロピルアミン
NICKEL(II) CARBONATE BASIC TETRAHYDRATE
1,4-ビス(3-アミノプロピル)ピペラジン
sec-ブチルアミン
4,5-ジクロロ-1,2-フェニレンジアミン
3-ペンタデシルフェノール
3-ヒドロキシ-1-メチルピペリジン
1,5-ジメチル-2-ピロリドン
1H-ピロロ[2,3-B]ピリジン-4-アミン
secondary hydrocarbon steam reforming catalysts
6-アミノインドール
rac-(2R*)-2-[(2,6-ジメチルフェニル)(フェニルアセチル)アミノ]プロパン酸メチル
3-ホルミル-4-メチルインドール
5-アミノピリミジン
1,2,4-ブタントリオール
1-METHYL-PIPERIDINE-4-CARBONITRILE
1-メチル-4-ピペリジンメタンアミン
6アミノ8メトキシキノリン