Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide is the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone comprising 3 to 7 carbon atoms in combination with hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest monosaccharide is triose monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. With the number increase of carbon atoms , there are tetrose, pentose and hexose and the like. The most important pentose in human body is ribose and deoxyribose, which form the RNA and DNA. The three most important monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose, of which C6H12O6 is the common chemical formula. Monosaccharide structure has aldehyde or ketone group: glucose and galactose contain aldehyde group, and fructose contains ketone group. Due to the existence of aldehyde and ketone group, monosaccharide has reducibility and can be used to check whether there is urine or blood sugar. Monosaccharide contains multiple hydroxyl groups and can be used for esterification, glycosidation, deoxygenation, dehydration and amination reaction. Monosaccharide is the basic unit of many sugars, and the carbohydrate foods can be digested into monosaccharides, which are absorbed in the small intestine. Different monosaccharides have different absorption rates: 100 of glucose, 110 of galactose, 43 of fructose, 19 of mannose, 15 of xylulose, 9 of arabinose.

Monosaccharides are the basic components of marine life and carbohydrates in sea water and marine sediments. The major monosaccharides in marine plankton include (as usual abundance in the order listed) galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and arabinose. The present forms of sugars in vivo are mainly polysaccharide and combined sugar. These monosaccharides can also be commonly found in seawater and sediments. Fructose lacks a big biological source in the ocean, but can be converted from glucose by epimerization in seawater.

The concentration range of individual monosaccharides in seawater is 0-20 μg/ L, and 10 mg carbon / L generally represents the total concentration of free monosaccharides. The total free monosaccharide content in seawater can be measured by the method of METH. The glucose content can be directly measured via enzymatic reaction or bioassay. The simultaneous determination of all individual monosaccharides in seawater sample are commonly carried out through chromatography. Since monosaccharide is non-volatile compounds, it must be processed via derivatization when used for gas chromatography, in which the same monosaccharide appears in different forms of anomer and gives complex  peaks. Liquid chromatography have more applications, such as the ethanol / water partition chromatography on anion exchange resin and the ion exchange chromatography in which boric acid complexes formed on the borate anion exchange resin.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
D(+)-GLUCOSE MONOHYDRATE D(+)-GLUCOSE MONOHYDRATE 14431-43-7 C6H14O7
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-BENZYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-BENZYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 6564-72-3 C34H36O6
2-Deoxy-D-glucose 2-Deoxy-D-glucose 154-17-6 C6H12O5
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 7512-17-6 C8H15NO6
Uridine Uridine 58-96-8 C9H12N2O6
D-Mannose D-Mannose 3458-28-4 C6H12O6
β-D-Glucose pentaacetate β-D-Glucose pentaacetate 604-69-3 C16H22O11
D-Galactose D-Galactose 59-23-4 C6H12O6
2-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 2-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 369-07-3 C12H15NO8
D-Ribose D-Ribose 50-69-1 C5H10O5
L-Fucose L-Fucose 2438-80-4 C6H12O5
Saccharin Saccharin 81-07-2 C7H5NO3S
IPTG IPTG 367-93-1 C9H18O5S
D-(-)-Salicin D-(-)-Salicin 138-52-3 C13H18O7
1,2:5,6-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-D-mannitol 1,2:5,6-Bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-D-mannitol 1707-77-3 C12H22O6
D-Fructose-1,6-diphoshate calcium salt D-Fructose-1,6-diphoshate calcium salt 103213-33-8 C6H16CaO12P2
FERROUS GLUCONATE DIHYDRATE FERROUS GLUCONATE DIHYDRATE 12389-15-0 C12H26FeO16
beta-D-Ribofuranose 1-acetate 2,3,5-tribenzoate beta-D-Ribofuranose 1-acetate 2,3,5-tribenzoate 6974-32-9 C28H24O9
L-Threonic acid calcium salt L-Threonic acid calcium salt 70753-61-6 C8H14CaO10
Diacetone-D-glucose Diacetone-D-glucose 582-52-5 C12H20O6
Tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal Tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal 2873-29-2 C12H16O7
n-Octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside n-Octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 29836-26-8 C14H28O6
D-(-)-Arabinose D-(-)-Arabinose 10323-20-3 C5H10O5
D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone 90-80-2 C6H10O6
beta-D-Ribofuranose 1,2,3,5-tetraacetate beta-D-Ribofuranose 1,2,3,5-tetraacetate 13035-61-5 C13H18O9
4-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 4-Nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 3150-24-1 C12H15NO8
Mannitol Mannitol 87-78-5 C6H14O6
2-Deoxy-D-ribose 2-Deoxy-D-ribose 533-67-5 C5H10O4
D-tagatose D-tagatose 87-81-0 C6H12O6
D-Galactal D-Galactal 21193-75-9 C6H10O4
2-Deoxy-2,2-difluoro-D-erythro-pentafuranous-1-ulose-3,5-dibenzoate 2-Deoxy-2,2-difluoro-D-erythro-pentafuranous-1-ulose-3,5-dibenzoate 122111-01-7 C19H14F2O6
1,2,3-Triacetyl-5-deoxy-D-ribose 1,2,3-Triacetyl-5-deoxy-D-ribose 62211-93-2 C11H16O7
D(-)-Fructose D(-)-Fructose 57-48-7 C6H12O6
Erythritol Erythritol 149-32-6 C4H10O4
DL-Dithiothreitol DL-Dithiothreitol 3483-12-3 C4H10O2S2
alpha-D-Methylglucoside alpha-D-Methylglucoside 97-30-3 C7H14O6
Arbutin Arbutin 497-76-7 C12H16O7
2-Deoxy-L-ribose 2-Deoxy-L-ribose 18546-37-7 C5H10O4
N-Acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic acid 131-48-6 C11H19NO9
1,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose 1,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose 22224-41-5 C26H22O8
L-Arabinose L-Arabinose 87-72-9 C5H10O5
D-Glucal D-Glucal 13265-84-4 C6H10O4
D(+)-Xylose D(+)-Xylose 58-86-6 C5H10O5
beta-D-Galactose pentaacetate beta-D-Galactose pentaacetate 4163-60-4 C16H22O11
L-Arabinose L-Arabinose 5328-37-0 C5H10O5
Esculin Esculin 531-75-9 C15H16O9
Ribose Ribose 24259-59-4 C5H10O5
1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyluracil 3083-77-0 C9H12N2O6
2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide 572-09-8 C14H19BrO9
1-DEOXY-1-(OCTYLAMINO)-D-GLUCITOL 1-DEOXY-1-(OCTYLAMINO)-D-GLUCITOL 23323-37-7 C14H31NO5
D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride 1772-03-8 C6H14ClNO5
4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2492-87-7 C12H15NO8
D-Glucurone D-Glucurone 32449-92-6 C6H8O6
Glucose pentaacetate Glucose pentaacetate 604-68-2 C16H22O11
1,2-O-Isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose 18549-40-1 C9H16O6
L-xylose L-xylose 609-06-3 C5H10O5
Isorhamnetin Isorhamnetin 480-19-3 C16H12O7
1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-allofuranose 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-allofuranose 2595-05-3 C12H20O6
L-(-)-SORBOSE L-(-)-SORBOSE 87-79-6 C6H12O6
Dithioerythritol Dithioerythritol 6892-68-8 C4H10O2S2
1,6-ANHYDRO-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 1,6-ANHYDRO-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 498-07-7 C6H10O5
Gluconic acid Gluconic acid 526-95-4 C6H12O7
L(+)-Rhamnose monohydrate L(+)-Rhamnose monohydrate 10030-85-0 C6H14O6
MUCIC ACID MUCIC ACID 526-99-8 C6H10O8
D-Gluconic acid, .gamma.-lactone D-Gluconic acid, .gamma.-lactone 1198-69-2 C6H10O6
Diacetonefructose Diacetonefructose 20880-92-6 C12H20O6
Arbutin Arbutin
3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal 4098-06-0 C12H16O7
2-C-Methyl-D-ribono-1,4-lactone 2-C-Methyl-D-ribono-1,4-lactone 492-30-8 C6H10O5
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose 97614-43-2 C26H21FO7
D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone acetonide D-Glucurono-6,3-lactone acetonide 20513-98-8 C9H12O6
1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose 1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose 4064-06-6 C12H20O6
1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose 1,2:3,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose 20881-04-3 C11H18O5
METHYL 1,2,3,4-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONATE METHYL 1,2,3,4-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONATE 7355-18-2 C15H20O11
Cynaroside Cynaroside 5373-11-5 C21H20O11
Copper(II) gluconate Copper(II) gluconate 527-09-3 C12H22CuO14
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL B-D- 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL B-D- 114162-64-0 C20H26BrClN2O7
3,4-DI-O-ACETYL-6-DEOXY-L-GLUCAL 3,4-DI-O-ACETYL-6-DEOXY-L-GLUCAL 34819-86-8 C10H14O5
(+)-2,3-O-Isopropylidene-L-threitol (+)-2,3-O-Isopropylidene-L-threitol 50622-09-8 C7H14O4
DL-Arabinose DL-Arabinose 147-81-9 C5H10O5
3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-D-glucal 3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-D-glucal 55628-54-1 C27H28O4
METHYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE METHYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 1824-94-8 C7H14O6
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid sodium salt 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid sodium salt 160369-85-7 C19H23BrClN2NaO9
D-(+)-SORBOSE D-(+)-SORBOSE 3615-56-3 C6H12O6
MANNAN MANNAN 51395-96-1
FERROUS GLUCONATE DIHYDRATE FERROUS GLUCONATE DIHYDRATE 22830-45-1 C6H14FeO8
Isomannide Isomannide 641-74-7 C6H10O4
D-(+)-ALLOSE D-(+)-ALLOSE 2595-97-3 C6H12O6
4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 3767-28-0 C12H15NO8
2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-D-ARABINOFURANOSE 2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-D-ARABINOFURANOSE 60933-68-8 C26H28O5
1,2-O-Isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose 20031-21-4 C8H14O5
D-(+)-FUCOSE D-(+)-FUCOSE 3615-37-0 C6H12O5
1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-GALLOYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-GALLOYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 14937-32-7 C41H32O26
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL ISOTHIOCYANATE 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL ISOTHIOCYANATE 14152-97-7 C15H19NO9S
CALCIUM D-ARABONATE CALCIUM D-ARABONATE 22373-09-7 C5H12CaO6
Methyl beta-D-ribofuranoside Methyl beta-D-ribofuranoside 7473-45-2 C6H12O5
Diaceton-alpha-D-mannofuranose Diaceton-alpha-D-mannofuranose 14131-84-1 C12H20O6
4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 7493-95-0 C12H15NO8
D-Glucosamic acid D-Glucosamic acid 3646-68-2 C6H13NO6
Mannose Triflate Mannose Triflate 92051-23-5 C15H19F3O12S
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