Малононитрил химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Malonitrile, also known as Malononitrile, is an aliphatic nitrile that can release cyanide through chemical or biological transformation. It was also used decades ago for treating certain forms of mental illness.
Химические свойства
Malononitrile is a white powder or colorless, odorless crystalline substance. It may polymerize violently on prolonged heating at 130°C or at lower temperatures on contact with strong bases.
Использование
Malononitrile is an important building block for the syntheses of pharmaceuticals (e.g. triamterene, adenine and methotrexate), thiamin (vitamin B1), pesticides dyestuffs for color photography and synthetic fibers (e.g. vinylidene cyanide). Product Data Sheet
Определение
ChEBI: Malononitrile is a dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups. It is a dinitrile and an aliphatic nitrile.
Методы производства
Malononitrile can be synthesized by a continuous method where preheated acetonitrile and cyanogen chloride are introduced into a tube reactor until the reaction mixture reaches a temperature of about 780°C. Another way to prepare malononitrile is by reacting phosphorus pentachloride with cyanoacetamide, or by using phosphorus pentoxide to react with malonamide or cyanoacetamide.
DOI:
10.15227/orgsyn.010.0066Общее описание
A white-colored crystalline solid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Toxic by ingestion and may severely irritate skin and eyes. May polymerize violently if exposed to temperatures above 266°F. Used to make other chemicals.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Soluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
Malononitrile is a white, low-melting powder (m. p. 30.5° C), toxic, combustible. Violent polymerization on contact with strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) or when heated above 130° C. When stored at 70-80° C for 2 months, spontaneous explosion (decomposition) occurred [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 394].
Опасность
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
Пожароопасность
When heated to decomposition, Malononitrile emits highly toxic fumes (cyanide). May polymerize violently on prolonged heating. Avoid heat. Hazardous polymerization may occur, at prolonged heating at 266F or contact with strong bases at lower temperatures.
Промышленное использование
Malononitrile is used primarily as an intermediate in the synthesis of drugs and
vitamins (thiamine). It has also been employed in the manufacture of photosensitizes,
acrylic fibers and dyestuffs and as an oil-soluble polar additive in lubricating
oil.
Malononitrile was used formerly in treatment of various forms of mental illness
such as alteration of psychic functions and schizophrenic
disorders.
Профиль безопасности
Poison by ingestion,
skin contact, subcutaneous, intravenous, and
intraperitoneal routes. A severe eye irritant.
Combustible when exposed to heat or
flame. Polymerizes violently when heated to
130°C or on contact with strong base. May
spontaneously explode when stored at
70-80°C. To fight fire, use water, fog, spray,
foam. When heated to decomposition it
emits toxic fumes of NOx and CN-. See also
NITRILES.
Экологическая судьба
When heated to decomposition, nitriles may release cyanide.
Malonitrile appears to decompose rapidly in contact with soil
and sediment.
Метаболизм
The in vitro metabolsim of malononitrile has been described by Stern et al.
In the presence of thiosulphate, brain, liver and kidney slices metabolized malononitrile
to thiocyanate. The formation of thiocyanate from malononitrile and
thiosulphate was greatest in the presence of liver slices, lowest in brain, and
intermediate with kidney slices. The liver enzyme system was saturated at a
concentration of 3.3 mM malononitrile and a pH optimum of 7.0. This enzyme system was inhibited by cysteine and glutathione and inactivated by boiling. Stern
et al indicated that thiosulphate increased cyanide and thiocyanate formed
from malononitrile in tissue slices.
Методы очистки
Crystallise the nitrile from water, EtOH, *benzene or chloroform. Distil it in a vacuum from, and store over, P2O5. [Bernasconi et al. J Am Chem Soc 107 7692 1985, Gratenhuis J Am Chem Soc 109 8044 1987, Beilstein 2 IV 1892.]
Несовместимости
Incompatible with strong bases. May
polymerize violently on prolonged heating @ 129C, or in
contact with strong bases at lower temperatures. Nitriles
may polymerize in the presence of metals and some metal
compounds. They are incompatible with acids; mixing
nitriles with strong oxidizing acids can lead to extremely
violent reactions. Nitriles are generally incompatible with
other oxidizing agents such as peroxides and epoxides. The
combination of bases and nitriles can produce hydrogen
cyanide. Nitriles are hydrolyzed in both aqueous acid and
base to give carboxylic acids (or salts of carboxylic acids).
These reactions generate heat. Peroxides convert nitriles to amides. Nitriles can react vigorously with reducing agents.
Acetonitrile and propionitrile are soluble in water, but
nitriles higher than propionitrile have low aqueous solubility. They are also insoluble in aqueous acids.
Малононитрил препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат
1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid
2-аминоникотиновая кислота
2-Амино-3-цианопиридин
2-AMINO-6-CHLORO-3,5-DICYANOPYRIDINE
4-AMINO-1,2,5-OXADIAZOLE-3-CARBONITRILE
2-Chloro-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine
5-AMINO-4-CYANO-3-METHYL-THIOPHENE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER
2-АМИНО-3-ЦИАНО-4-МЕТИЛ-5-КАРБМЕТОКСИТИОФЕН
2,4-DIAMINOPYRIMIDINE-5-CARBOXYLIC ACID
2-AMINO-3,5-DICYANOPYRIDINE
3-CYANO-7-ETHOXYCOUMARIN
2-AMINO-6-METHYL-4,5,6,7-TETRAHYDRO-1-BENZOTHIOPHENE-3-CARBONITRILE
2-амино-5 ,6-дигидро-4H-циклопента [b] тиофен-3-карбонитрил
2-Амино-4 ,5,6,7-тетрагидро-бензо [b] тиофен-3-карбонитрил
2-AMINO-3-CYANO-4-CHLORO-5-FORMYLTHIOPHENE
2-АМИНО-4-МЕТИЛ-ХИНОЛИН-3-КАРБОНИТРИЛ
2,4,6-TRIAMINO-5-NITROPYRIMIDINE
2-AMINO-4,5-DIMETHYL-THIOPHENE-3-CARBONITRILE
2,4-DIAMINOPYRIMIDINE-5-CARBONITRILE
2,4,6-Триаминопиримидин
3,5-дифторфенилуксусной кислоты
5-(AMINOMETHYL)PYRIMIDIN-4-AMINE
[2-[4-(dihexylamino)-2-methylbenzylidene]benzo[b]thien-3(2H)-ylidene]malononitrile S,S-dioxide
4-амино-2-(метилтио) пиримидин-5-карбонитрил
2-гидрокси-6-фенил-4-(трифторметил)никотинoнитрил
Левосимендан
4,6-DIAMINO-2-MERCAPTOPYRIMIDINE
3-CYANO-7-METHOXYCOUMARIN
5-AMINO-4-ISOXAZOLECARBONITRILE
2-AMINO-6-METHYL-4,5,6,7-TETRAHYDROTHIENO[2,3-C]PYRIDINE-3-CARBONITRILE
4,6-DIAMINO-2-METHYLMERCAPTOPYRIMIDINE
2-AMINO-5,6-DIHYDRO-4H-CYCLOPENTA[B]THIOPHENE-3-CARBOXAMIDE
4-аминопиримидин-5-карбонитрил
4,6-Dimethyl-2-hydroxypyridine
5-амино-1-(4-хлорфенил)-1H-пиразол-4-карбoнитрил
4-Amino-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile ,97%
4-AMINOPYRIMIDINE-5-CARBOXAMIDE
Azimsulfuron
5-АМИНО-1-ФЕНИЛПИРАЗОЛ-4-КАРБОНИТРИЛ
Solvent Red 197