Ampicillin химические свойства, назначение, производство
Химические свойства
Ampicillin in anhydrous form occurs as
crystals.
Использование
Commonly used to select for ampicillin resistance in mutated and transformed cells
Показания
Ampicillin may also be helpful in certain patients, particularly pregnant
women with acne, for whom the use of tetracycline, erythromycin, and
minocycline should be avoided. In resistant acne patients, culture may reveal
a gram-negative bacteria responsive to ampicillin.
Антимикробная активность
Ampicillin is slightly less active than benzylpenicillin
against most Gram-positive bacteria but is more
active against E. faecalis. MRSA and strains of Str. pneumoniae
with reduced susceptibility to benzylpenicillin are resistant.
Most group D streptococci, anaerobic Gram-positive cocci
and bacilli, including L. monocytogenes, Actinomyces spp. and
Arachnia spp., are susceptible. Mycobacteria and nocardia are
resistant.
Ampicillin has similar activity to benzylpenicillin against
N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis and Mor. catarrhalis. It is 2–8
times more active than benzylpenicillin against H. influenzae
and many Enterobacteriaceae, but β-lactamase-producing
strains are resistant. Pseudomonas spp. are resistant, but
Bordetella, Brucella, Legionella and Campylobacter spp. are
often susceptible. Certain Gram-negative anaerobes such
as Prevotella melaninogenica and Fusobacterium spp. are susceptible,
but B. fragilis is resistant, as are mycoplasmas and
rickettsiae.
Activity against molecular class A β-lactamase-producing
strains of staphylococci, gonococci, H. influenzae, Mor. catarrhalis,
certain Enterobacteriaceae and B. fragilis is enhanced by
the presence of β-lactamase inhibitors, specifically clavulanic
acid.
Its bactericidal activity resembles that of benzylpenicillin.
Bactericidal synergy occurs with aminoglycosides against
E. faecalis and many enterobacteria, and with mecillinam
against a number of ampicillin-resistant enterobacteria.
Приобретенная устойчивость
β-Lactamase-producing pathogens, including most clinical
isolates of Staph. aureus, are resistant. Strains of pneumococci,
enterococci, gonococci and H. influenzae with altered
PBPs have reduced susceptibility to ampicillin. Isolates
of N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenzae with a TEM plasmid-
mediated
β-lactamase (which are more common) are fully
resistant. Resistance among H. influenzae is often linked with
resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin or tetracycline,
due to plasmid-encoded resistance markers that are co-transferred
with the gene for the TEM enzyme. However, at
least 70% of current H. influenzae isolates remain susceptible
to ampicillin worldwide.
The widespread use of ampicillin and other aminopenicillins
has led to resistance becoming common in formerly
susceptible species of enteric pathogens as a result of the
widespread dissemination of plasmid-mediated β-lactamases.
Surveillance data from North America and Europe indicate
less than 50% susceptibility to ampicillin in Esch. coli. At least
90% of current isolates of Mor. catarrhalis are β-lactamaseproducing
strains. Ampicillin-resistant strains of salmonellae,
notably S. enterica serotypes Typhi and Typhimurium (many of which are also resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfonamides
and tetracyclines) present a serious problem in Africa, Asia
and South America. Multiresistant strains of shigellae also
predominate in many parts of the world.
Общее описание
Odorless white microcrystalline powder with a bitter taste. A 0.25% solution in water has a pH of 3.5 to 5.5.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Slightly soluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
Ampicillin absorbs insignificant amounts of moisture at 77° F and relative humidities up to approximately 80%, but under damper conditions Ampicillin absorbs significant amounts. A pH-rate profile reveals specific-acid- and specific-base- catalyzed hydrolysis. The pH of maximum stability is 5.8.
Пожароопасность
Flash point data for Ampicillin are not available; however, Ampicillin is probably combustible.
Контактные аллергены
Ampicillin caused contact dermatitis in a nurse also
sensitized to amoxicillin (with tolerance to oral phenoxymethylpenicillin)
and in a pharmaceutical factory
worker. Systemic drug reactions are common. Crossreactivity
is regular with ampicillin and can occur with
other penicillins.
Клиническое использование
Isolates should be tested for susceptibility before use, especially
for serious infections. For oral therapy, amoxicillin is
preferable to ampicillin.
Urinary tract infections
Bacterial meningitis
Respiratory tract infections
Gastrointestinal infections, including typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery
Enterococcal endocarditis and septicemia (in combination with an
aminoglycoside)
Listeriosis (in combination with an aminoglycoside)
Профиль безопасности
Mildly toxic by
ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Other
experimental reproductive effects. When
heated to decomposition it emits toxic
fumes of SO,xand NOx.
Возможный контакт
Used as an antibiotic.
Перевозки
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances,
solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous
material, Technical Name Required.
Несовместимости
May be incompatible with oxidizers
(chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates,
chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires
or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong
bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
Утилизация отходов
It is inappropriate and possibly
dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste
pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet
or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of
expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat
litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in
trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration
applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return
the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal
being careful to properly label and securely package the material.
Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled,
securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical
waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous
or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.
Ampicillin препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат