Хлортетрациклин химические свойства, назначение, производство
Использование
Chlortetracycline was the first reported member of the tetracycline class, isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens in 1948. Chlortetracyclines heralded the early wave of antibiotic discoveries from microbes and after 50 years are still widely used as pharmaceuticals. Chlortetracycline is a pigment and, like most pigments, is extremely sensitive to environmental and storage conditions. Commercial chlortetracycline may contain significant levels of degradation products.
Показания
Chlorotetracycline, an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of action, causes a bacteriostatic
effect with respect to Gram-positive (staphylococci, including those that produce penicillinase; streptococci, pneumococci; clostridia, listeria, and anthrax bacillus) and Gram-negative
microorganisms (gonococci, whooping cough bacillus, colon bacillus, enterobacteria,
klebisella, salmonella, shigella), as well as Rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and
spirochaeta. Blue-pus bacillus, proteus, serracia, most strains of Bacteroides fragilis, most
fungi, and small viruses are resistant to this drug. It is used for pneumonia, bronchitis,
empyema of the lungs, angina, cholecystitis, whooping cough, endocarditis, endometritis,
intestinal infections, prostatitis, syphilis, gonorrhea, brucellosis, osteomyelitis, purulent
infections of soft tissues, and others caused by microorganisms sensitive to this drug.
Synonyms of this drug are aureomycin, biomycin, xanthomycin, and others.
Определение
ChEBI: A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.
Антимикробная активность
It is slightly less active than tetracycline against many
bacteria, with the exception of Gram-positive organisms.
Фармацевтические приложения
7-Chlortetracycline. A fermentation product of certain strains
of Streptomyces aureofaciens. Formulated as the hydrochloride
or the free base for oral or topical application.
Фармакокине?тика
Oral absorption：30–60%
Cmax 500 mg oral：2.5–7 mg/L：
Plasma half-life： 5–6 h
Volume of distribution： c.2 L/kg
Plasma protein binding： 47–65%
Absorption is relatively poor compared with other tetracyclines.
It undergoes rapid metabolism and is largely eliminated by biliary
excretion, with only a small proportion eliminated via the
kidney. Despite this, chlortetracycline is not recommended for
patients in renal failure, since accumulation occurs as a consequence
of the half-life increase to approximately 7–11 h.
Клиническое использование
Its uses are those common to the group.
It has also been used topically in the management of recurrent
aphthous ulcers of the mouth, but experience is limited
and the mechanism of action is unknown.
Побочные эффекты
Side effects are typical of the group. Contact hypersensitivity
has been reported with topical application to
abraded skin and varicose ulcers.
Профиль безопасности
Poison by intravenous
and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic
by ingestion. Experimental reproductive
effects. When heated to decomposition it
emits toxic fumes of Cland NOx. See also
TETRACYCLINE.
Методы очистки
Aureomycin is dehydrated by azeotropic distillation of its solution with toluene. On cooling, the anhydrous material crystallises out and is recrystallised from *C6H6, then dried under vacuum at 100o over paraffin wax. (If it is crystallised from MeOH, it contains MeOH which is not removed on drying.) [Stephens et al. J Am Chem Soc 76 3568 1954, Laskin & Chan Biochem Biophys Res Commun 14 137 1964]. [Beilstein 14 IV 2631.]
Хлортетрациклин препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат