Антрацен химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Anthracene is one of a group of chemicals called polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are often found
together in groups of two ormore. They can exist inmore than
100 different combinations, but the most common are treated
as a group of 15. PAHs are found naturally in the environment
but they can also be made synthetically. Anthracene can vary
in appearance from a colorless to pale yellow crystal-like
solid. PAHs are created when products like coal, oil, gas, and
garbage are burned but the burning process is not complete.
Very little information is available on the individual chemicals
within the PAH group; the majority of the information is
for the entire PAH group. Anthracene is a solid white to yellow
crystal, has a weak aromatic odor, and sinks in water. Its
characteristics are boiling point, 3421°C; melting point,
2181°C; molecular weight, 178.22; density/specific gravity,
1.25 at 27 and 41°C; octanol–water coefficient, 4.45. It is
soluble in absolute alcohol and organic solvents. Maximum
absorption occurs at 218 nm.
Химические свойства
Anthracene is colorless, to pale yellow crystalline
solid with a bluish fluorescence. PAHs are compounds
containing multiple benzene rings and are also called polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons.
Физические свойства
White to yellow crystalline flakes or crystals with a bluish or violet fluorescence and a weak
aromatic odor. Impurities (naphthacene, tetracene) impart a yellowish color with green
fluorescence.
Использование
Anthracene is an aromatic hydrocarbonwith three fused rings, and is obtained by the distillationof crude oils. The main useis in the manufacture of dyes.It is an important source of dyestuffs.
Определение
(C14H10) A
white crystalline solid used extensively in
the manufacture of dyes. Anthracene is
found in the heavy- and green-oil fractions
of crude oil and is obtained by fractional
crystallization. Its structure is benzene-like,
having three six-membered rings fused toanion gether. The reactions are characteristic of
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS.
Методы производства
Anthracene is obtained from coal tar in the fraction distilling between 300° and 400 °C. This fraction contains 5–10% anthracene, from which, by fractional crystallization followed by crystallization from solvents, such as oleic acid, and washing with such solvents as pyridine, relatively pure anthracene is obtained. It may be detected by the formation of a blue-violet coloration on fusion with mellitic acid. Anthracene derivatives, especially anthraquinone, are important in dye chemistry.
Реакции
Anthracene reacts: (1) With oxidizing agents, e.g., sodium dichromate plus sulfuric acid, to form anthraquinone, C6H4(CO)2C6H. (2) With chlorine in water or in dilute acetic acid below 250 °C to form anthraquinol and anthraquinone, at higher temperatures 9,10-dichloroanthracene. The reaction varies with the temperature and with the solvent used. The reaction has been studied using, as solvent, benzene, chloroform, alcohol, carbon disulfide, ether, glacial acetic acid, and also without solvent by heating. Bromine reacts similarly to chlorine. (3) With concentrated sulfuric acid to form various anthracene sulfonic acids. (4) With nitric acid, to form nitroanthracenes and anthraquinone. (5) With picric acid (1)HO·C6H2(NO2)3(2,4,6) to form red crystalline anthracene picrate, melting point 138 °C.
Общее описание
White to yellow solid with a weak aromatic odor. Sinks in water.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Flammable. Insoluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
Anthracene will spontaneously burst into flame on contact with chromic acid, and other strong oxidants.
Опасность
A questionable carcinogen.
Угроза здоровью
Carcinogenicity of anthracene is not known.Its toxicity is very low. An intraperitonealLD50 in mice is recorded at 430 mg/kg(NIOSH 1986).
Пожароопасность
Anthracene is combustible.
Профиль безопасности
Moderately toxic by
intraperitoneal route. A skin irritant and
allergen. Questionable carcinogen with
experimental neoplas tigenic and tumorigenic
data. Mutation data reported. Combustible
when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizing
materials. Moderately explosive when exposed to flame, Ca(OCl)z, chromic acid.
To fight fire, use water, foam, CO2, water
spray or mist, dry chemical. Explodes on
contact with fluorine.
Возможный контакт
It is used as an intermediate in dye
stuffs (alizarin), insecticides, and wood preservatives; making
synthetic fibers, anthraquinone, and other chemicals.
May be present in coke oven emissions, diesel fuel, and
coal tar pitch volitiles.
Канцерогенность
Anthracene was negative in
mouse-skin-painting studies, and it is classified as a
noncarcinogen by the IARC based on inadequate
evidence. The methyl, anthryl, dimethyl, diprophyl,
dinaphthyl, and tetramethyl derivatives of anthracene were
noncarcinogenic except for 9,10-dimethyl anthracene, which
may have contained impurities when tested.
Перевозки
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical
Name Required.
Несовместимости
Finely dispersed powder may form
explosive mixture in air. Contact with strong oxidizers
(chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates,
chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires
or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong
bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides, chromic acid/or
calcium hypochlorite.
Утилизация отходов
Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing
storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Incineration.
Антрацен препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
ANTHRACENE OIL
аменноугольной смолы
КАРБАЗОЛ
Anthracene oil
COAL TAR
Фенатрен
Tetracyclo[6.6.2.02,7.09,14]hexadecane-2(7),3,5,9(14),10,12-hexene-15,15,16,16-tetracarbonitrile
9,9'-Spirobi[9H-xanthene]
препарат