염화암페니콜

염화암페니콜 속성

염화암페니콜 MSDS

Chloromycetin

염화암페니콜 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

개요

Chloramphenicol was originally produced by fermentation of Streptomyces venezuelae, but its comparatively simple chemical structure soon resulted in several efficient total chemical syntheses. With two asymmetric centers, it is one of four diastereomers, only one of which (1R,2R) is significantly active. Because total synthesis produces a mixture of all four, the unwanted isomers must be removed before use. Chloramphenicol is a neutral substance that is only moderately soluble in water, because both nitrogen atoms are nonbasic under physiologic conditions (one is an amide and the other a nitro moiety). It was the first broad-spectrum oral antibiotic used in the United States and was once very popular. Severe potential blood dyscrasia has greatly decreased its use in North America. Although its cheapness and efficiency makes it still very popular in much of the rest of the world where it can often be purchased over-the-counter without a prescription

화학적 성질

Chloramphenicol is a white to grayish-white or yellowish-white crystalline solid.

용도

Chloramphenicol is unusual nitroaromatic metabolite produced by Streptomyces venezuelae, first published in 1947. Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic with good activity against Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria. Although restricted to ocular use, antibiotic resistance to other classes has refocused attention on this class. Chloramphenicol acts by binding to the 23S sub-unit of the 50S ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol has been extensively studied with over 35,000 literature citations.

Indications

Resistance to chloramphenicol is usually explained by the presence of a plasmid that determines the production of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. This enzyme acetylates the drug, giving it unable to bind with 50 S subunits of bacterial ribosomes.
Chloramphenicol is a potentially toxic drug and has a few indications for use. It is the drug of choice for treating typhoid fever, and it is used for treating brain abscesses. Until recently, it was the drug of choice for therapy of bacterial meningitis in children (in combination with ampicillin). However, third-generation cephalosporins are currently preferred for such purposes. Chloramphenicol is an effective alternative for a number of infections in situations, where drugs of choice cannot be used for one reason or another. However, it should never be used for infections that can readily be treated with other antimicrobial drugs. Synonyms of this drug are levomycetin, amindan, aquamycetin, chloromycetin, ophthoclor, opulets, leukomycin, and many others.

정의

ChEBI: Chloramphenicol is an organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, an antibacterial drug, a protein synthesis inhibitor, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite and a geroprotector. It is an organochlorine compound, a diol, a C-nitro compound and a carboxamide.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Chloramphenicol, an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947, first became available for general clinical use in 1948. By 1950 it was evident that its use could cause serious, sometimes fatal, blood dyscrasias. However, it remains one of the most effective antibiotics for treating invasive typhoid fever and salmonellosis, some rickettsioses and serious infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae or anaerobic organisms. This is considered to justify its retention in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs. (Reference: (WHTAC1) The Use of Essential Drugs, 2nd Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 722, , 1985)

일반 설명

Synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits the translation of RNA by blocking the peptidyltransferase reaction on ribosomes.

위험도

Has deleterious and dangerous side effects. Must conform to FDA labeling requirements. Use is closely restricted. Probable carcinogen.

색상 색인 번호

This broad spectrum phenicol group antibiotic has been implicated in allergic contact dermatitis. Cross-sensitivity to thiamphenicol is possible, but not systematic.

Mechanism of action

Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic by virtue of inhibition of protein biosynthesis in both bacterial and, to a lesser extent, host ribosomes. Chloramphenicol binds to the 50S subparticle in a region near where the macrolides and lincosamides bind.
Resistance is mediated by several R-factor enzymes that catalyze acetylation of the secondary and, to some extent, the primary hydroxyl groups in the aliphatic side chain. These products no longer bind to the ribosomes and so are inactivated. Escherichi a coli frequently is resistant because of chloramphenicol's lack of intercellular accumulation.

Safety Profile

Confirmed human carcinogen producing leukemia, aplastic anemia, and other bone marrow changes. Experimental tumorigenic data. Poison by intravenous and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by an unknown route: changes in plasma or blood volume, unspecified liver effects, and hemorrhaging. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. An antibiotic. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and Cl-. See also other chloramphenicol entries.

잠재적 노출

An antibiotic derived from streptomyces venezuelae. A potential danger to those involved in the manufacture, formulation, and application of this antibiotic and antifungal agent

Carcinogenicity

Chloramphenicol is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

환경귀착

As an antibiotic, chloramphenicol enters the target cells by facilitated diffusion and binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomalsubunit. This prevents the interaction between peptidyl transferase and its amino acid substrate, which results in the inhibition of peptide bond formation. Indeed, it is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacteria and to a lesser extent, in eukaryotic cells. Chloramphenicol can also inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells particularly erythropoietic cells, which are sensitive to the drug.

신진 대사 경로

Six metabolites of chloramphenicol are identified, among which the sulfate conjugate is characterized in goat urine.

신진 대사

When given orally, it is rapidly and completely absorbed but has a fairly short half-life. It is mainly excreted in the urine in the form of its metabolites, which are a C-3 glucuronide, and, to a lesser extent, its deamidation product and the product of dehalogenation and reduction. These metabolites are all inactive. The aromatic nitro group also is reduced metabolically, and this product can undergo amide hydrolysis. The reduction of the nitro group, however, does not take place efficiently in humans but, rather, primarily occurs in the gut by the action of the normal flora. Chloramphenicol potentiates the activity of some other drugs by inducing liver metabolism. Such agents include anticoagulant coumarins, sulfonamides, oral hypoglycemics, and phenytoin.

운송 방법

UN3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1- Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

Purification Methods

Purify chloramphenicol by recrystallisation from H2O (solubility is 2.5mg/mL at 25o) or ethylene dichloride as needles or long plates, and by sublimation at high vacuum. It has A 1cm 298 at max 278nm, and it is slightly soluble in H2O (0.25%) and propylene glycol (1.50%) at 25o but is freely soluble in MeOH, EtOH, BuOH, EtOAc and Me2CO. [Relstock et al. J Am Chem Soc 71 2458 1949, Confroulis et al. J Am Chem Soc 71 2463 1949, Long & Troutman J Am Chem Soc 71 2469, 2473 1949, Ehrhart et al. Chem Ber 90 2088 1957, Beilstein 13 IV 2742.]

비 호환성

Compounds of the carboxyl group react with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e., amines), releasing substantial heat, water, and a salt that may be harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds (releases hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, sulfides (releasing heat, toxic, and possibly flammable gases), thiosulfates, and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate and oxides of sulfur).

폐기물 처리

It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged, and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

염화암페니콜 준비 용품 및 원자재

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염화암페니콜 공급 업체

공급자	전화	이메일	국가	제품 수	이점
HUARONG(GUANGDONG) PHARMACEUTICAL CO.,LTD	+86-19925801629 +86-19925801629	eric@huarongpharma.com	China	241	58
APOLLO HEALTHCARE RESOURCES	+6596580999	sales@apollo-healthcare.com.sg	Singapore	399	58
PT CHEM GROUP LIMITED	+86-85511178; +86-85511178;	peter68@ptchemgroup.com	China	35425	58
airuikechemical co., ltd.	+86-18353166132 +86-18353166132	sales02@airuikechemical.com	China	983	58
Hebei Fengmu Trading Co., Ltd.	+8613393234347	Lyla@fengmuchem.com	China	2945	58
Hebei Chuanghai Biotechnology Co., Ltd	+8615531157085	abby@chuanghaibio.com	China	8808	58
Hebei Mujin Biotechnology Co.,Ltd	+86 13288715578 +8613288715578	sales@hbmojin.com	China	12809	58
Nanjing Deda New Material Technology Co., Ltd	+8613223293093	bella@njdeda.com	China	80	58
Hebei Chuanghai Biotechnology Co,.LTD	+86-13131129325	sales1@chuanghaibio.com	China	5868	58
Henan Fengda Chemical Co., Ltd	+86-371-86557731 +86-13613820652	info@fdachem.com	China	20235	58

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