나이트로벤젠

나이트로벤젠
나이트로벤젠 구조식 이미지
카스 번호:
98-95-3
한글명:
나이트로벤젠
동의어(한글):
나이트로벤젠(니트로벤젠);니트로벤젠;니트로벤젠,액체;니트로벤졸;미르반기름;미르반의기름;미르반의정제물;벤젠,니트로-;나이트로벤젠
상품명:
Nitrobenzene
동의어(영문):
NITROBENZOL;Nitrobenzen;MIRBANE OIL;1-Nitrobenzene;NCI-C60082;MYRBANE OIL;nitro-benzen;Nitrobenzeen;Mitrobenzole;NITROBENZENE
CBNumber:
CB7854756
분자식:
C6H5NO2
포뮬러 무게:
123.11
MOL 파일:
98-95-3.mol
MSDS 파일:
SDS

나이트로벤젠 속성

녹는점
5-6 °C (lit.)
끓는 점
210-211 °C (lit.)
밀도
1.196 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
증기 밀도
4.2 (vs air)
증기압
0.15 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
굴절률
n20/D 1.551(lit.)
인화점
190 °F
저장 조건
Store below +30°C.
용해도
1.90g/L
산도 계수 (pKa)
3.98(at 0℃)
물리적 상태
액체
색상
맑은 노란색
수소이온지수(pH)
8.1 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃)
상대극성
4.5
폭발한계
1.8-40%(V)
수용성
약간 용해됨
Merck
14,6588
BRN
507540
Henry's Law Constant
9.86 at 25 °C (thermodynamic method-GC/UV spectrophotometry, Altschuh et al., 1999)
Dielectric constant
35.7(20℃)
노출 한도
TLV-TWA 1 ppm (~5 mg/m3) (ACGIH, MSHA, and OSHA); IDLH 200 ppm (NIOSH).
안정성
안정적인. 강한 산화제, 강한 환원제, 강한 염기와 호환되지 않습니다. 가연성. 넓은 폭발 한계에 유의하십시오.
LogP
1.86 at 24.5℃ and pH7.9
CAS 데이터베이스
98-95-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST
Benzene, nitro-(98-95-3)
IARC
2B (Vol. 65) 1996
EPA
Nitrobenzene (98-95-3)
안전
  • 위험 및 안전 성명
  • 위험 및 사전주의 사항 (GHS)
위험품 표기 T,N,F,Xn
위험 카페고리 넘버 23/24/25-40-48/23/24-51/53-62-39/23/24/25-11-36/37/38-60-52/53-48/23/24/25-36-20/21/22
안전지침서 28-36/37-45-61-28A-16-7-27-53-26
유엔번호(UN No.) UN 1662 6.1/PG 2
OEB B
OEL TWA: 1 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin]
WGK 독일 2
RTECS 번호 DA6475000
자연 발화 온도 899 °F
TSCA Yes
위험 등급 6.1
포장분류 II
HS 번호 29042010
유해 물질 데이터 98-95-3(Hazardous Substances Data)
독성 LD50 orally in rats: 600 mg/kg (PB91-108398)
IDLA 200 ppm
기존화학 물질 KE-25965
유해화학물질 필터링 97-1-12
중점관리물질 필터링 별표1-46
사고대비 물질 필터링 19
함량 및 규제정보 물질구분: 사고대비물질; 혼합물(제품)함량정보: 니트로벤젠 및 이를 25% 이상 함유한 혼합물
그림문자(GHS): GHS hazard pictogramsGHS hazard pictograms
신호 어: Danger
유해·위험 문구:
암호 유해·위험 문구 위험 등급 범주 신호 어 그림 문자 P- 코드
H351 암을 일으킬 것으로 의심됨 (노출되어도 암을 일으키지 않는다는 결정적인 증거가 있는 노출경로가 있다면 노출경로 기재) 발암성 물질 구분 2 경고 P201, P202, P281, P308+P313, P405,P501
H372 장기간 또는 반복 노출되면 장기(또는, 영향을 받은 알려진 모든 장기를 명시)에 손상을 일으킴 특정 표적장기 독성 - 반복 노출 구분 1 위험 GHS hazard pictograms P260, P264, P270, P314, P501
H412 장기적 영향에 의해 수생생물에 유해함 수생 환경유해성 물질 - 만성 구분 3 P273, P501
예방조치문구:
P202 모든 안전 조치 문구를 읽고 이해하기 전에는 취급하지 마시오.
P273 환경으로 배출하지 마시오.
P280 보호장갑/보호의/보안경/안면보호구를 착용하시오.
P301+P310 삼켰다면 즉시 의료기관(의사)의 진찰을 받으시오.
NFPA 704
2
3 1

나이트로벤젠 C화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

개요

Nitrobenzene is a greenish-yellow crystal or yellow oily liquid, and is slightly soluble in water. The primary hazard of nitrobenzene is toxicity; however, it is also combustible. The boiling point is about 410°F, the flash point is 190°F, and the ignition temperature is 900°F. The specific gravity is 1.2, which is heavier than water, and the material will sink to the bottom. The vapor density is 4.3, which is heavier than air. Nitrobenzene is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption, with a TLV of 1 ppm in air. The four-digit UN identification number is 1652. The NFPA 704 designation is health 3, flammability 2, and reactivity 1. Nitrobenzene is a nitro hydrocarbon derivative, but it is not very explosive. The primary uses are as a solvent, an ingredient of metal polishes and shoe polishes, and in the manufacture of aniline.

화학적 성질

Nitrobenzene is a pale yellow to dark brown oily liquid whose odor resembles bitter almonds (or black paste shoe polish).

물리적 성질

Clear, light yellow to brown, oily liquid with an almond-like or shoe polish odor. May darken on exposure to air. An experimentally determined odor threshold concentration of 4.7 ppbv was reported by Leonardos et al. (1969). A detection odor threshold concentration of 9.6 mg/m3 (1.9 ppmv) was determined by Katz and Talbert (1930).

용도

Nitrobenzene is an organic compound used a standard for detection and analyses as well as its removal from the environment. The compound’s cytotoxic effects have been studied in a hepatocarcinoma cell line.

정의

nitrobenzene: A yellow oily liquid,C6H5NO2; r.d. 1.2; m.p. 6°C; b.p.211°C. It is made by the nitration ofbenzene using a mixture of nitricand sulphuric acids.

생산 방법

Nitrobenzene is produced by the direct nitration of benzene with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. U.S. capacity for nitrobenzene production is approximately 1.5 billion pounds . The most important use for nitrobenzene is in the production of aniline. Nearly 98% of the nitrobenzene produced in the U.S. is converted to aniline.

제조 방법

Nitrobenzene is produced commercially by the exothermic nitration of benzene with fuming nitric acid in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst at 50 to 65℃. The crude nitrobenzene is passed through washer-separators to remove residual acid and is then distilled to remove benzene and water.

공기와 물의 반응

Very slightly soluble in water.

반응 프로필

Aluminum chloride added to Nitrobenzene containing about 5% phenol caused a violent explosion [Chem. Eng. News 31:4915. 1953]. Heating a mixture of Nitrobenzene, flake sodium hydroxide and a little water led to an explosion, discussed in [Bretherick's 5th ed. 1995]. Mixed with oxidants, i.e. dinitrogen tetraoxide, fluorodinitromethane, nitric acid, peroxodisulfuric acid, sodium chlorate, tetranitromethane, uranium perchlorate, etc., forms highly sensitive explosive, [Bretherick 5th ed, 1995]. Heated mixtures of Nitrobenzene and tin(IV) chloride produce exothermic decomposition with gas production [Bretherick, 5th Ed., 1995].

위험도

Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Methemoglobinemia. Possible carcinogen.

건강위험

The routes of entry of nitrobenzene intothe body are the inhalation of its vaporsor absorption of the liquid or the vaporthrough the skin and, to a much lesserextent, ingestion. The target organs are theblood, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. Piotrowski (1967) estimated that in anexposure period of 6 hours to a concentration of 5 mg/m3, 18 mg of nitrobenzene wasabsorbed through the lungs and 7 mg throughthe skin in humans. Furthermore, about 80%of inhaled vapor is retained in the respiratorytract. The dermal absorption rate at this concentration level is reported as 1 mg/h, whilethe subcutaneous absorption of the liquidis between 0.2 and 0.3 mg/cm3/h (ACGIH1986).
The symptoms of acute toxicity are headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and dyspnea. Subacute and chronic exposure cancause anemia. Nitrobenzene effects the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Itis metabolized to aminophenols and nitrophenols to about 30%, which are excreted.

화재위험

Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Reacts violently with nitric acid, aluminum trichloride plus phenol, aniline plus glycerine, silver perchlorate and nitrogen tetroxide. Avoid aluminum trichloride; aniline; gycerol; sulfuric acid; oxidants; phosphorus pentachloride; potassium; potassium hydroxide. Avoid sunlight, physical damage to container, freezing, and intense heat.

공업 용도

Nitrobenzene is mainly utilized for aniline production. The aniline is used primarily for the manufacture of 4,4'-methylenebis (phenyl isocyanate) and polymers thereof (50%). The second largest use of aniline is in the manufacture of chemicals for rubber production (30%). Dyes and dye intermediates, hydroquinone and drugs account for about 8% of the aniline produced, while 10% of the aniline is converted to agricultural products such as pesticides and defoliants (Northcott 1978). It also is used as a solvent for cellulose ethers and an ingredient in polishes for metals and shoes (HSDB 1988).

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen. Human poison by an unspecified route. Poison experimentally by subcutaneous and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: general anesthetic, respiratory stimulation, and vascular changes. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. An eye and skin irritant. Can cause cyanosis due to formation of methemoglobin. It is absorbed rapidly through the skin. The vapors are hazardous. to heat and flame. Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Explosive reaction with solid or concentrated alkali + heat (e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), aluminum chloride + phenol (at 12O°C), aniline + glycerol + sulfuric acid, nitric + sulfuric acid + heat. Forms explosive mixtures with aluminum chloride, oxidants (e.g., fluorodinitromethane, uranium perchlorate, tetranitromethane, sodium chlorate, nitric acid, nitric acid + water, peroxodsulfuric acid, dinitrogen tetraoxide), phosphorus pentachloride, potassium, sulfuric acid. Reacts violently with aniline + glycerin, N20, AgCLO4. To fight fne, use water, foam, CO2, dry chemical. Incompatible with potassium hydroxide. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also NITRO COMPOUNDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

잠재적 노출

Nitrobenzene is used in the manufacture of explosives and aniline dyes and as solvent and intermediate. It is also used in floor polishes; leather dressings and polished; and paint solvents, and to mask other unpleasant odors. Substitution reactions with nitrobenzene are used to form m-derivatives. Pregnant women may be especially at risk with respect to nitrobenzene as with many other chemical compounds, due to transplacental passage of the agent. Individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may also be special risk groups. Additionally, because alcohol ingestion or chronic alcoholism can lower the lethal or toxic dose of nitrobenzene, individuals consuming alcoholic beverages may be at risk.

Carcinogenicity

Nitrobenzene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

운송 방법

UN1662 Nitrobenzene, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

Purification Methods

Common impurities include nitrotoluene, dinitrothiophene, dinitrobenzene and aniline. Most impurities can be removed by steam distillation in the presence of dilute H2SO4, followed by drying with CaCl2, and shaking with, then distilling at low pressure from BaO, P2O5, AlCl3 or activated alumina. It can also be purified by fractional crystallisation from absolute EtOH (by refrigeration). Another purification process includes extraction with aqueous 2M NaOH, then water, dilute HCl, and water, followed by drying (CaCl2, MgSO4 or CaSO4) and fractional distillation under reduced pressure. The pure material is stored in a brown bottle, in contact with silica gel or CaH2. It is very hygroscopic. [Beilstein 5 H 233, 5 I 124, 5 II 171, 5 III 591, 5 IV 708.]

비 호환성

Concentrated nitric acid, nitrogen tetroxide; caustics; phosphorus pentachloride; chemically-active metals, such as tin or zinc. Violent reaction with strong oxidizers and reducing agents. Attacks many plastics. Forms thermally unstable compounds with many organic and inorganic compounds.

폐기물 처리

Incineration (982℃, 2.0 seconds minimum) with scrubbing for nitrogen oxides abatement . Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.

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