Сахарин химические свойства, назначение, производство
Химические свойства
Saccharin is a crystalline solid with a sweet taste
(500 times sweeter than sugar).
Использование
It is a non-nutritive sweetener; pharmaceutic aid (flavor). Saccharin was formerly listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen; delisted because the cancer data are not sufficient to meet the current criteria for this listing.
Подготовка
Saccharin is synthesized using two methods: the Remsen-Fahlberg process and the Maumee or Sherwin-Williams method. The Remsen-Fahlberg synthesis of saccharin starts by reacting toluene with chlorosulfonic acid to give ortho and para forms of toluene-sulfonic acid (Figure 78.1). The acid can be converted to sulfonyl chlorides by treating with phosphorus pentachloride. The ortho form, o-toluene-sulfonyl chloride, is treated with ammonia to give o-toluene-sulfonamide, which is then oxidized with potassium permanganate to produce o-sulfamido-benzoic acid. On heating, the latter yields saccharin. Another synthesis was developed at Maumee Chemical Company in Toledo, Ohio, and it came to be known as the Maumee process. This process starts with phthalic anhydride, which is converted into anthranilic acid. Anthranilic acid is then reacted with nitrous acid, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and ammonia to give saccharin. The Maumee process was further refi ned by the Sherwin-Williams Company and is therefore now referred to as the Sherwin-Williams process.
Определение
saccharin: A white crystalline solid,C7H5NO3S, m.p. 224°C. It is madefrom a compound of toluene, derivedfrom petroleum or coal tar. It is awell-known artificial sweetener,being some 500 times as sweet assugar (sucrose), and is usually marketedas its sodium salt. Because ofan association with cancer in laboratoryanimals, its use is restricted insome countries.
Методы производства
Saccharin is prepared from toluene by a series of reactions known as the Remsen–Fahlberg method. Toluene is first reacted with chlorosulfonic acid to form o-toluenesulfonyl chloride, which is reacted with ammonia to form the sulfonamide. The methyl group is then oxidized with dichromate, yielding o-sulfamoylbenzoic acid, which forms the cyclic imide saccharin when heated.
An alternative method involves a refined version of the Maumee process. Methyl anthranilate is initially diazotized to form 2- carbomethoxybenzenediazonium chloride; sulfonation followed by oxidation then yields 2-carbomethoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride. Amidation of this material, followed by acidification, forms insoluble acid saccharin.
Общее описание
White crystals. Odorless or faintly aromatic odor. Sweet taste.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Slightly soluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
An amide. Acid to litmus. pH of 0.35% aqueous solution: 2.0. Organic amides/imides react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed by the reaction of organic amides/imides with strong reducing agents. Amides are very weak bases (weaker than water). Imides are less basic yet and in fact react with strong bases to form salts. That is, they can react as acids. Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as P2O5 or SOCl2 generates the corresponding nitrile. The combustion of these compounds generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx).
Опасность
A questionable carcinogen. Products con-
taining it must have a warning label.
Пожароопасность
Flash point data for Saccharin are not available; however, Saccharin is probably combustible.
Фармацевтические приложения
Saccharin is an intense sweetening agent used in beverages, food
products, table-top sweeteners, and oral hygiene products such as
toothpastes and mouthwashes. In oral pharmaceutical formulations,
it is used at a concentration of 0.02–0.5% w/w. It has been
used in chewable tablet formulations as a sweetening agent.
Saccharin has been used to form various pharmaceutical cocrystals.
Saccharin can be used to mask some unpleasant taste characteristics
or to enhance flavor systems. Its sweetening power is
approximately 300–600 times that of sucrose.
Профиль безопасности
Confirmed carcinogen withexperimental neoplastigenic and tumorigenic data. Mildacute toxicity by ingestion. Experimental teratogenic andreproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Whenheated to decomposition it emits toxic NOx and SOx.
Возможный контакт
The information provided has to do,
primarily, with the manufacturing of saccharin. Saccharin
has been used as a nonnutritive sweetening agent. At one
point the United States consumption pattern for all forms
of saccharin has been estimated as 45% in soft drinks; 18%
in tabletop sweeteners; 14% in fruits, juices, sweets, chew-
ing gum, and jellies; 10% in cosmetics and oral hygiene
products; 7% in drugs, such as coating on pills; 2% in
tobacco; 2% in electroplating; and 2% for miscellaneous
uses. Human exposure to saccharin occurs primarily
through ingestion because of its use in many dietic foods
and drinks and some personal hygiene products, including
toothpastes and mouthwashes. The general public is
exposed to saccharin, especially by persons required to
reduce sugar intake.
хранилище
Saccharin is stable under the normal range of conditions employed
in formulations. In the bulk form it shows no detectable
decomposition and only when it is exposed to a high temperature
(125°C) at a low pH (pH 2) for over 1 hour does significant
decomposition occur. The decomposition product formed is
(ammonium-o-sulfo)benzoic acid, which is not sweet. The
aqueous stability of saccharin is excellent.
Saccharin should be stored in a well-closed container in a dry
place.
Перевозки
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances,
solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous haz-
ardous material, Technical Name Required.
Методы очистки
Purify saccharin by recrystallisation from Me2CO [solubility 7.14% at 0o, 14.4% at 50o], or aqueous isoPrOH to give a fluorescent solution. It sublimes in vacuo. It is an artificial sweetner and is 500 times sweeter than sucrose. [DeGarmo et al. J Am Pharm Assoc (Sci Ed) 41 17 1952, Beilstein 27 H 168, 870, 27 I 266, 27 II 214, 27 III/IV 2649.]
Несовместимости
Saccharin can react with large molecules, resulting in a precipitate
being formed. It does not undergo Maillard browning.
Утилизация отходов
Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contami-
nant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform to EPA regulations
governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste
disposal.
Регуляторный статус
Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Note that the EU
number ‘E954’ is applied to both saccharin and saccharin salts.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral solutions,
syrups, tablets, and topical preparations). Included in nonparenteral
medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of
Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Сахарин препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат