Натрий азотистокислый химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Sodium nitrite is similar in name and use to sodium nitrate.
Both are preservatives used in processed meats, such as salami,
hot dogs, and bacon. Sodium nitrite has been synthesized by
several chemical reactions that involve the reduction of
sodium nitrate. Industrial production of sodium nitrite is
primarily by the absorption of nitrogen oxides into aqueous
sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Over the years,
sodium nitrite has raised some concerns about its safety in
foods, but it remains in use and there are indications that it
may actually be healthy. Sodium nitrite was developed during
the 1960s. In 1977, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
considered banning it but the USDA’s final ruling on the
additive came out in 1984, allowing its use. Studies in the
1990s indicated some adverse effects of sodium nitrite, for
instance the potential to cause childhood leukemia and brain cancers. In the late 1990s, the National Toxicity Program
(NTP) began a review of sodium nitrite and proposed listing
sodium nitrite as a developmental and reproductive toxicant,
but a report in 2000 by NTP proposed that sodium nitrite is
not a toxic substance and removed it from the list of developmental
and reproductive toxicants. It is now believed that it
can help with organ transplants and leg vascular problems,
while preventing heart attacks and sickle cell disease.
Химические свойства
Sodium nitrite, NaN02, is a fire-hazardous, air-sensitive, yellowish white powder that is soluble in water and decomposes at temperatures above 320°C (608 °F). Sodium nitrite is used as an intermediate for dye stuffs and for pickling of meat, in dyeing of textiles, in rustproofing, in medicine, and as a reagent in organic chemistry.
Использование
Sodium nitrite is used to fix the colors in preserved fish and meats. It is also important(along with sodium chloride) in controlling the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. Lunch meats, hams, sausages, hot dogs, and bacon are usually preserved this way.
In medicines, it is a vasodilator, intestinal relaxant, bronchodilator, and an antidote to cyanide and hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
Sodium nitrite is produced in the human body by the action of saliva on sodium nitrate, and is important in controlling bacteria in the stomach, to prevent gastroenteritis. The body produces more sodium nitrite than is consumed in food.
Sodium nitrite can react with proteins in the stomach or during cooking, especially in high heat (such as frying bacon), to form carcinogenic N-nitrosamines.To prevent this, ascorbic acid or erythorbic acid is commonly added to cured meats.
manufacture of diazo dyes, nitroso Compounds, and in many other processes of manufacture of organic chemicals; dyeing and printing textile fabrics; bleaching flax, silk, and linen.
Методы производства
Sodium nitrite, yellowish-white solid, soluble, formed (1) by reaction of nitric oxide plus nitrogen dioxide and sodium carbonate or hydroxide, and then evaporating, (2) by heating sodium nitrate and lead to a high temperature, and then extracting the soluble portion (lead monoxide insoluble) with H2O and evaporating. Used as an important reagent (diazotizing) in organic chemistry.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Soluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
Sodium nitrite is an oxidizing agent. Mixtures with phosphorus, tin(II) chloride or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979 p. 108-109]. If contaminated by ammonium compounds, spontaneous decomposition can occur and resulting heat may ignite surrounding combustible material. Reacts with acids to form toxic nitrogen dioxide gas. Mixing with liquid ammonia forms dipotassium nitrite, which is very reactive and easily explosive [Mellor 2, Supp. 3:1566 1963]. Melting together wilh an ammonium salt leads to a violent explosion [Von Schwartz 1918 p. 299]. A mixture with potassium cyanide may cause an explosion. Noncombustible but accelerates the burning of all combustible material. If large quantities are involved in fire or if the combustible material is finely divided, an explosion may result. When a little ammonium sulfate is added to fused potassium nitrite, a vigorous reaction occurs attended by flame [Mellor 2:702. 1946-47].
Опасность
Dangerous fire and explosion risk when
heated to 537C (1000F) or in contact with reducing
materials; a strong oxidizing agent. Carcinogen in
test animals; its use in curing fish and meat products
is restricted to 100 ppm.
Угроза здоровью
Ingestion (or inhalation of excessive amounts of dust) causes rapid drop in blood pressure, persistent and throbbing headache, vertigo, palpitations, and visual disturbances; skin becomes flushed and sweaty, later cold and cyanotic; other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes), fainting, methemoglobinemia. Contact with eyes causes irritation.
Профиль безопасности
Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by ingestion, inhalation, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: motor activity changes, coma, decreased blood pressure with possible pulse rate increase without fall in blood pressure, arteriolar or venous dlation, nausea or vomiting, and blood me themoglo binemiacarboxyhemoglobinemia. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. An eye irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplas tigenic and tumorigenic data. Human mutation data reported. It may react with organic amines in the body to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Flammable; a strong oxidizing agent. In contact with organic matter, will ignite by friction. May explode when heated to over 100O0F or on contact with cyanides, NH4' salts, cellulose, LI, (K + NH3), Na2S203. Incompatible with aminoguanidine salts, butadene, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, reductants, sodlum amide, sodmm disulfite, sodium thocyanate, urea wood. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx and NaaO. See also NITRITES.
Методы очистки
Crystallise NaNO2 from hot water (0.7mL/g) by cooling to 0o, or from its own melt. Dry it over P2O5. (See KNO2.)
Натрий азотистокислый препаратная продукция и сырье
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препарат