Изоамилнитрит химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Amyl nitrite had been used clinically as early as 1867, when the
Scottish physician Sir Thomas Brunton used it as a vasodilator
as treatment for angina pectoris in his patients. In the late
1880s, a protective effect on cyanide toxicity in canines was
noted when amyl nitrite was inhaled postexposure. Amyl
nitrite has been used clinically in a multicomponent cyanide
antidote kit and is also a recreational drug of abuse (‘poppers’).
Химические свойства
Isoamyl Nitrite is flammable and explosive and decomposes
when exposed to air and sunlight.
Использование
Isoamyl nitrite is a light yellow, transparent liquid with a
pleasant, fragrant, fruity odor. Amyl nitrite was introduced to
medicine in 1859 and has been under considerable pharmacological
investigation since that time. Its major use was for
treating angina pectoris through its vasodilative effect on the
coronary arteries. However, this effect is transient, and
nitroglycerin and longer acting nitrates have largely replaced
it. Amyl nitrite has been most helpful in clarifying the
differential diagnosis of murmurs. For example, left ventricular
outflowobstruction increases followingamyl nitrite administration.
Mitral regurgitation decreases following amyl nitrite
as does the apical diastolic rumble of mitral stenosis. The
Austin–Flint rumble decreases followingamyl nitrite as does a
ventricular septal defect and acyanotic tetralogy of Fallot. Pulmonic stenosis increases as does isolated valvular pulmonary
stenosis following amyl nitrite.
Isoamyl nitrite has also been reportedly used for inhalation
abuse. The symptoms following inhalation of
large doses by humans are flushing of the face, pulsatile
headache, disturbing tachycardia, cyanosis (methemoglobinemia),
weakness, confusion, restlessness, faintness, and
collapse, particularly if the individual is standing. The
symptoms are usually of short duration. Industrial intoxication
has not been reported.
Определение
ChEBI: Isoamyl nitrite is a nitrite ester having isopentyl as the alkyl group. It has a role as a vasodilator agent and an antihypertensive agent. It derives from an isoamylol.
Общее описание
Clear yellow liquid.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Highly flammable. Decomposes on exposure to air and light. Insoluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
Isoamyl nitrite is an oxidizing agent but can serve as a reducing agent. Forms explosive mixtures with air or oxygen. .
Опасность
Flammable, dangerous fire risk, a strong oxidizer. Vapor may explode if ignited.
Пожароопасность
Isoamyl nitrite is flammable.
Возможный контакт
Amyl nitrite is used to make pharmaceuticals;
perfumes, diazonium compounds, and other
chemicals.
Экологическая судьба
The primary mechanism of toxicity develops from the
powerful oxidative effects of nitrites on hemoglobin. Methemoglobinemia,
which develops when the iron atom in
hemoglobin loses one electron to an oxidant, causing a change
from the ferrous (2+) state to the ferric (3+) state, may cause
cellular hypoxia. When methemoglobin levels exceed
10–15%, cyanosis may be evident. Nitrites also cause vasodilation
by direct action on smooth muscle. Physical effects
include decreases in blood pressure, headache, flushing of the
face, increased heart rate, dizziness, and relaxation of involuntary
muscles, especially of the blood vessels and the anal
sphincter.
Amyl nitrite may be irritating to the lungs and throat when
breathed in. With exposure to the skin, amyl nitrite has irritant
properties. It can also be readily absorbed, causing systemic
effects with skin contact.
Перевозки
UN1993 Flammable liquids, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid, Technical Name
Required.
Несовместимости
Vapors may form explosive mixture with
air. Slowly decomposes in light, heat, and on contact with
water. A strong oxidizer. Contact with reducing agents and
easily oxidizable materials may cause fire and explosions.
Reported to be an explosion hazard when exposed to air and
light. Keep away from alcohols, antipyrine, alkaline materials;
alkaline carbonates; potassium iodide; bromides, and ferrous
salts. Attacks metals in the presence of moisture.
Утилизация отходов
Incineration with scrubber to
remove nitrogen oxides from the combustion gases.
Изоамилнитрит препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат