3-метил-1-бутанол химические свойства, назначение, производство
Химические свойства
Isoamyl alcohol has a fusel oil, whiskey-characteristic, pungent odor and repulsive taste. The air odor threshold for 3-methyl-1-butanol was reported as 0.042 ppm , which provides some acute warning for exposure to this chemical.
Физические свойства
Clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. An odor threshold concentration of 1.7 ppbv was
reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990).
Вхождение
Constitutes the major portion of fusel oil; also known as fermentation of amyl alcohol; it has been identified
as an ester among the constituents of Roman chamomile oil; French peppermint, Java citronella, Réunion geranium, tea, Teucrium
chamaedrys, Eucalyptus amigdalina, Achillea ageratum and Artemisia camphorata. It is reported present in the aromas of strawberry and raspberry. It is also reported found in over 230 natural sources including apple, apricot, banana, sweet and sour cherry,
citrus peel oils and juices, berries, guava, grapes, raisin, melon, papaya, peach, pear, pineapple, asparagus, cabbage, kohlrabi,
celery stalk and seed, leek, peas, potato, sauerkraut, tomato, ginger, mint oils, vinegar, mustard, bread, cheeses, butter, milk, fish，meats, cognac, rum, whiskies, cider, sherry, grape wines, tea, filberts, pecans, walnuts, oats, honey, soybean, avocado, Arctic
bramble, olive, passion fruit, rose and Malay apple, mushroom, mango, tamarind, pear brandy, port, cardamom, gin, quince,
radish, sukiyaki, sake, buckwheat, corn oil, sweet corn, laurel, malt, wort, cherimoya, loquat, Bourbon vanilla, shrimp, oysters,
crayfish, mussels and scallops
Использование
3-Methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol are normally used as apple or banana flavoring agents for wine. They can also be used as chemical intermediates and solvents in pharmaceutical products.
Подготовка
3-Methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol were first isolated from fusel oils, by-products of ethanol fermentation by yeast. These compounds can also be derived from the chlorination of pentane followed by hydrolysis. Another alternative process is the oxo process, a general strategy for the manufacture of C4 and higher alcohols. Both the chlorination process and the oxo process are current commercial processes for the production of 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol, but the oxo process via the hydroformylation reaction is the more popular. Two main technologies are used for the process. The first was brought on stream by Ruhrchemie in Germany and Exxon in USA in the 1940s and is generally referred to as "high-pressure cobalt catalyst technology." The active catalyst species is cobalt hydrocarbonyl, and a pressure of 200–300 atm is required to maintain the stability of the catalyst. In the early 1960s, Shell commercialized a modern version of the cobalt catalyst process. This technology uses organophosphine ligands, which allows a lower operating pressure of 30–100 atm but at the expense of the catalyst activity. The Shell technology is employed primarily in the production of linear primary alcohols, whereas the high-pressure cobalt technology is frequently used in the production of branched alcohols.
Методы производства
Isoamyl alcohol has a characteristic pungent odor and repulsive taste. Industrially prepared by rectification of fusel oil.
Определение
ChEBI: Isoamylol is an primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group. It has a role as a xenobiotic metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and an antifungal agent. It is a primary alcohol, a volatile organic compound and an alkyl alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an isopentane.
Общее описание
Colorless liquid with a mild, choking alcohol odor. Less dense than water, soluble in water. Hence floats on water. Produces an irritating vapor.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Highly flammable. Water soluble.
Профиль реактивности
3-Methyl-1-butanol attacks plastics [Handling Chemicals Safely, 1980. p. 236]. Mixtures with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide may cause explosions. Mixing with hypochlorous acid in water or water/carbon tetrachloride solution can generate isoamyl hypochlorites, which may explode, particularly on exposure to sunlight or heat. Mixing with chlorine would also yield isoamyl hypochlorites [NFPA 491 M, 1991]. Base-catalysed reactions with isocyanates can occur with explosive violence [Wischmeyer,1969].
Опасность
Moderate fire risk. Vapor is toxic and irritant. Explosive limits in air 1.2–9%.
Угроза здоровью
Very high vapor concentrations irritate eyes and upper respiratory tract. Continued contact with skin may cause irritation.
Возможный контакт
(n-isomer); Suspected reprotoxic hazard,
Primary irritant (w/o allergic reaction), (iso-, primary):
Possible risk of forming tumors, Primary irritant (w/o allergic
reaction), (sec-, active primary-, and other isomers)
Primary irritant (w/o allergic reaction). Used as a solvent in
organic synthesis and synthetic flavoring, pharmaceuticals,
corrosion inhibitors; making plastics and other chemicals;
as a flotation agent. The (n-isomer) is used in preparation
of oil additives, plasticizers, synthetic lubricants, and as a
solvent.
Экологическая судьба
Biological. Using the BOD technique to measure biodegradation, the mean 5-d BOD value (mM
BOD/mM isoamyl alcohol) and ThOD were 4.46 and 59.5%, respectively (Vaishnav et al., 1987).
Chemical/Physical. Isoamyl alcohol will not hydrolyze because it has no hydrolyzable
functional group (Kollig, 1993).
Перевозки
UN2811 Pentanols, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-
Flammable liquid. UN1987 Alcohols, n.o.s., Hazard Class:
3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
Методы очистки
Dry the alcohol by heating with CaO and fractionally distilling, then heating with BaO and redistilling. Alternatively, boil it with concentrated KOH solution, wash it with dilute H3PO4, and dry it with K2CO3, then anhydrous CuSO4, before fractionally distilling it. If very dry alcohol is required, the distillate is refluxed with the appropriate alkyl phthalate or succinate as described for ethanol. It is separated from 2-methyl-1-butanol by fractional distillation, fractional crystallisation and preparative gas chromatography. [Beilstein 1 IV 1677.]
Несовместимости
Forms an explosive mixture with air.
Contact with strong oxidizers and hydrogen trisulfide may
cause fire and explosions. Incompatible with strong acids.
Violent reaction with alkaline earth metals forming hydrogen,
a flammable gas.
Утилизация отходов
Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator
equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal,
state, and local environmental regulations must be
observed.
3-метил-1-бутанол препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат