Натрий бикарбонат химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Sodium bicarbonate, which is the compound commonly called baking soda, exists as a white,
odorless, crystalline solid. It occurs naturally as the mineral nahcolite, which derives its name
from its chemical formula by replacing the “3” in NaHCO
3 with the ending “lite.” The world’s
main source of nahcolite is the Piceance Creek Basin in western Colorado, which is part of
the larger Green River formation. Sodium bicarbonate is extracted using solution mining by
pumping hot water through injection wells to dissolve the nahcolite from the Eocene beds
where it occurs 1,500 to 2,000 feet below the surface. The dissolved sodium bicarbonate is
pumped to the surface where it is treated to recover NaHCO
3 from solution. Sodium bicarbonate
can also be produced from the trona deposits, which is a source of sodium carbonates
(see Sodium Carbonate).
Химические свойства
Sodium bicarbonate, NaHC03, also known as sodium acid carbonate and baking soda, is a white water-soluble crystalline solid.It has an alkaline taste, loses carbon dioxide at 270°C (518 °F).and is used in food preparation. Sodium bicarbonate also finds use as a medicine,a butter preservative, in ceramics,and to prevent timber mold.
Физические свойства
White crystalline powder or granules; monoclinic crystals; density 2.20 g/cm3; decomposes around 50°C, begins to lose carbon dioxide; converts to sodium carbonate at 100°C; soluble in water, 10g/100 mL at 20°C; slowly decomposes to CO2 and Na2CO3 in aqueous solution at ambient temperature; decomposes to Na2CO3 in boiling water; aqueous solution slightly alkaline; pH of 0.1M solution at 25°C is about 8.3; insoluble in alcohol; decomposes in acids.
Использование
sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is an inorganic salt used as a buffering agent and a pH adjuster, it also serves as a neutralizer. It is used in skin-smoothing powders.
Определение
Baking soda: A white solid formed either by passing an excess
of carbon dioxide through sodium carbonate
or hydroxide solution, or by
precipitation when cold concentrated solutions
of sodium chloride and ammonium
hydrogencarbonate are mixed. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
decomposes on heating
to give sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide,
and water. With dilute acids, it yields carbon
dioxide. It is used as a constituent of
baking powder, in effervescent beverages,
and in fire extinguishers. Its aqueous solutions
are alkaline as a result of salt hydrolysis.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate forms
monoclinic crystals.
Методы производства
Sodium bicarbonate is manufactured either by passing carbon
dioxide into a cold saturated solution of sodium carbonate, or by
the ammonia–soda (Solvay) process, in which first ammonia and
then carbon dioxide is passed into a sodium chloride solution to
precipitate sodium bicarbonate while the more soluble ammonium
chloride remains in solution.
Общее описание
Odorless white crystalline powder or lumps. Slightly alkaline (bitter) taste. pH (of freshly prepared 0.1 molar aqueous solution): 8.3 at 77°F. pH (of saturated solution): 8-9. Non-toxic.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Stable in dry air, but slowly decomposes in moist air. Moderately water soluble. Decomposes slowly in water (accelerated by agitation) .
Профиль реактивности
Sodium bicarbonate reacts exothermically with acids to generate non-toxic carbon dioxide gas. Decomposes when heated. Incompatible with acids, acidic salts (dopamine hydrochloride, pentazocine lactate, many alkaloidal salts) aspirin and bismuth salicylate.
Пожароопасность
Literature sources indicate that Sodium bicarbonate is noncombustible.
Фармацевтические приложения
Sodium bicarbonate is usually administered orally in order to regulate the serum pH. Imbalances of the plasma pH can be due to problems occurring in the kidneys such as renal tubular acidosis. Within the kidneys, blood is filtered before it passes through the tubular part of the nephrons where re-absorption or secretion of important salts and others takes place. In renal tubular acidosis, the kidneys either fail to filter or secrete acid ions (H+) from the plasma (secretion takes place in the distal tubule), or to recover bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the filtrate (passive re-absorption takes place in the proximal tubule, active re-absorption at the distal tubule), which is necessary to balance the pH. In the view of this mode of action, the pharmaceutically active component of sodium bicarbonate is the bicarbonate anion, but the cation Na+ is responsible for solubility and compatibility.
Биологическая активность
Commonly used laboratory reagent
Профиль безопасности
Low toxicity by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. A nuisance dust. Human systemic effects: changes in potassium levels, increased urine volume, metabolic acidosis, nausea or vomiting, respiratory changes, sodium level changes. Mutation data reported.
Безопасность
Sodium bicarbonate is used in a number of pharmaceutical
formulations including injections and ophthalmic, otic, topical,
and oral preparations.
Sodium bicarbonate is metabolized to the sodium cation, which
is eliminated from the body by renal excretion, and the bicarbonate
anion, which becomes part of the body’s bicarbonate store. Any
carbon dioxide formed is eliminated via the lungs. Administration
of excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate may thus disturb the
body’s electrolyte balance, leading to metabolic alkalosis or possibly
sodium overload with potentially serious consequences. The
amount of sodium present in antacids and effervescent formulations
has been sufficient to exacerbate chronic heart failure, especially in
elderly patients.
Orally ingested sodium bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acid with
the evolution of carbon dioxide and may cause stomach cramps and
flatulence.
When used as an excipient, sodium bicarbonate is generally
regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material.
LD50 (mouse, oral): 3.36 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 4.22 g/kg
Химические свойства
Бесцветная прозрачная жидкость，Препарат обладает щелочными свойствами, повышает щелочные резервы крови; увеличивает выделение ионов натрия, хлора и увеличивает осмотический диурез.
Показания
Заболевания, сопровождающиеся метаболическим ацидозом: инфекционные заболевания, сахарный диабет, интоксикации, в том числе лекарственная (барбитуратами, салицилатами и др.), при заболеваниях почек, во время наркоза и в послеоперационном периоде.
Фармакологическое действие
Антацидное средство, регулирует КЩР. Обладает щелочными свойствами, повышает щелочной резерв крови. При приеме внутрь быстро нейтрализует соляную кислоту желудочного сока и оказывает быстрый, но кратковременный антацидный эффект. Раздражает рецепторы слизистой оболочки желудка, усиливает выделение гастрина с вторичной активацией секреции, может вызывать неприятные ощущения в желудке (вследствие его растяжения) и отрыжку.
Побочное действие
При длительном применении возможно развитие алкалоза (иногда некомпенсированного), сопровождающегося потерей аппетита, тошнотой, рвотой, болями в эпигастральной области, беспокойством, головными болями, а в некоторых тяжелых случаях тетаническими судорогами; повышение АД, метеоризм (при приеме внутрь).
Методы очистки
Crystallise it from hot water (6mL/g). The solid should not be heated above 40o due to the formation of carbonate.
Несовместимости
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids, acidic salts, and many
alkaloidal salts, with the evolution of carbon dioxide. Sodium
bicarbonate can also intensify the darkening of salicylates.
In powder mixtures, atmospheric moisture or water of crystallization
from another ingredient is sufficient for sodium bicarbonate
to react with compounds such as boric acid or alum. In liquid
mixtures containing bismuth subnitrate, sodium bicarbonate reacts
with the acid formed by hydrolysis of the bismuth salt.
In solution, sodium bicarbonate has been reported to be
incompatible with many drug substances such as ciprofloxacin, amiodarone, nicardipine, and levofloxacin.
Регуляторный статус
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections;
ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, solutions, and tablets).
Included in parenteral (intravenous infusions and injections) and
nonparenteral medicines (chewing gums; ear drops; eye lotions; oral
capsules, chewable tablets, effervescent powders, effervescent
tablets, granules, soluble tablets, orodispersible tablets, and tablets;
suppositories and suspensions) licensed in the UK.
Натрий бикарбонат препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат