альция карбид химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Calcium carbide,is a binary salt. It is a grayish-black hard solid that reacts with water to produce acetylene gas, a solid corrosive that is calcium hydroxide, and release heat. Acetylene gas is manufactured by reacting calcium carbide with water. Because acetylene is so unstable, it is not shipped in bulk quantities.
Calcium carbide is shipped to acetylene-generating plants where it is reacted with water in a controlled reaction. After the reaction process, the acetylene gas is placed into specially designed containers with a honeycombed mesh inside for shipment and use. It is dissolved in acetone for stability. Calcium carbide has a specific gravity of 2.22, which is heavier than water. The four-digit UN identification number for calcium carbide is 1402. The NFPA 704 designation is health 3, flammability 3, and reactivity 2. The white section at the bottom of the diamond contains a W with a slash through it, indicating water reactivity. It is shipped in metal cans, drums, and specially designed covered bins on railcars and trucks. When shipped and stored, it should be kept in a cool, dry place. Primary uses are in the generation of acetylene gas for welding, vinyl acetate monomer, and as a reducing agent.
Химические свойства
grey or black solid with a garlic-like odour
Физические свойства
Grayish-black orthorhombic crystal; density 2.22 g/cm3; melts at 2,200°C; reacts with water.
Использование
Calcium carbide is the most relevant carbide industrially because of its important role as the basis of acetylene industry. In locations where there is shortage of petroleum, Calcium Carbide is used as the starting material for the production of acetylene (1 kg of carbide yields ~300 liters acetylene), which, in turn, can be used as a building block for a range of organic chemicals (e.g. vinyl acetate, acetaldehyde and acetic acid). In some locations, acetylene is also used to produce vinyl chloride, the raw material for the production of PVC.
A less important use of Calcium Carbide is related to the ferilizers industry. It reacts with nitrogen to form calcium cyanamide, which is the starting material for the production of cyanamide (CH2N2). Cyanamide is a common agricultural product used to stimulate early foliation.
Calcium Carbide can also be employed as desulfurizing agent for producing low-sulfur carbon steel. Also, it is used as a reducing agent to produce metals from their salts, e.g., for direct reduction of copper sulfide to metallic copper.
Подготовка
Calcium carbide (CaC2) is manufactured by heating a lime and carbon mixture to 2000 to 2100°C (3632 to 3812°F) in an electric arc furnace. At those temperatures, the lime is reduced by carbon to calcium carbide and carbon monoxide (CO), according to the following reaction: CaO + 3C → CaC2 + CO
Lime for the reaction is usually made by calcining limestone in a kiln at the plant site. The sources of carbon for the reaction are petroleum coke, metallurgical coke, and anthracite coal. Because impurities in the furnace charge remain in the calcium carbide product, the lime should contain no more than 0.5 percent each of magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide, and 0.004 percent phosphorus. Also, the coke charge should be low in ash and sulfur. Analyses indicate that 0.2 to 1.0 percent ash and 5 to 6 percent sulfur are typical in petroleum coke. About 991 kilograms (kg) (2,185 pounds [lb]) of lime, 683 kg (1,506 lb) of coke, and 17 to 20 kg (37 to 44 lb) of electrode paste are required to produce 1 megagram (Mg) (2,205 lb) of calcium carbide.
Реакции
Calcium carbide is grayish-black solid, reacts with water yielding acetylene gas and calcium hydroxide, formed at electric furnace temperature from calcium oxide and carbon.
Общее описание
Grayish-black irregular lump solid. Used to make acetylene and in steel manufacture.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Reacts rapidly with water to generate the flammable gas acetylene and the base calcium hydroxide. Enough heat may be generated to ignite the gas [Jones, G.W. BM Report Invest. 3755 1944].
Профиль реактивности
Calcium carbide is a reducing agent. May react vigorously with oxidizing materials. The powdered mixture of the acetylide and iron oxide and iron chloride burns violently upon ignition, producing molten iron. Calcium carbide incandesces with chlorine, bromine, or iodine at 245, 350, or 305°C., respectively, [Mellor, 1946, Vol. 5, 862]. The carbide burns incandescently when mixed and heated with lead difluoride, magnesium, hydrogen chloride, and tin (II) chloride, [Mellor, 1946, 1940, 1946, and 1941], respectively. Interaction of Calcium carbide with methanol to give calcium methoxide is vigorous , but subject to an induction period of variable length. Once reaction starts, evolution of acetylene gas is very rapid, unpublished observations [Bretherick 1995]. Mixing Calcium carbide with silver nitrate solutions forms silver acetylide, a highly sensitive explosive. Copper salt solutions would behave similarly, [Photogr. Sci. Eng., 1966, 10, 334]. The mixture of Calcium carbide and sodium peroxide is explosive, as is Calcium carbide and perchloryl fluoride as gases at 100-300°C.
Опасность
Forms flammable and explosive gas and
corrosive solid with moisture.
Угроза здоровью
It is a corrosive solid. Because it is highlywater-reactive, skin contact can cause burn.
Пожароопасность
Behavior in Fire: If wet by water, highly flammable acetylene gas is formed.
Профиль безопасности
Reaction on contact
with moisture forms explosive acetylene gas.
Flammable on contact with moisture, acid
or acid fumes; evolves heat or flammable
vapors. Moderate explosion hazard.
Incandescent reaction with Cl2 (245℃), Brz
(350℃), IS (305℃), HCl gas + heat, PbF2,
Mg + heat. Incompatible with Se, (KOH +
Ch), AgNO3, Na2O2, SnCl2, S, water.
Mixtures with iron(IⅡ) chloride, iron(IⅡ)
oxide, tin(Ⅱ) chloride are easily ignited and
burn fiercely. Vigorous reaction with
methanol after an induction period.
Addttion to silver nitrate solutions
precipitates the dangerously explosive silver
acetylide. Copper salt solutions behave
similarly. See also CALCIUM
HYDROXIDE and ACETYLENE.
альция карбид препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат
Цианамид кальция
1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE
Polychloroprene
Цис-2-бутен-1,4-диол
Этил винил эфир
Натрия гипохлорит
1,3-БУТАДИЕН
Carbon Black
Винилхлорид
Tetrapotassium hexacyanoferrate trihydrate
1,1,2,2-Тетрабромэтан
1,1-ДИФТОРЭТАН
Сульфадиазин
Пропаргилового спирта
Трихлороэтилен
2-бутин-1 ,4-диол
Cement dust
АЦЕТИЛЕН
2-Метил-2-бутанол
ПОЛИВИНИЛХЛОРИД
Dichloroethane
2-Butene-1,4-diol