Галотан химические свойства, назначение, производство
Химические свойства
Halothane is a highly volatile, nonflammable,
colorless liquid. Sweet odor.
Использование
Halothane is used as a clinical anesthetic.
Определение
ChEBI: A haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position.
Биологические функции
Halothane (Fluothane) depresses respiratory function,
leading to decreased tidal volume and an increased rate
of ventilation. Since the increased rate does not adequately
compensate for the decrease in tidal volume,
minute ventilation will be reduced; plasma PaCO2 rises,
and hypoxic drive is depressed.With surgical anesthesia,
spontaneous ventilation is inadequate, and the patient’s
ventilation must be controlled.
Halothane administration can result in a marked reduction
in arterial blood pressure that is due primarily
to direct myocardial depression, which reduces cardiac
output. The fall in pressure is not opposed by reflex
sympathetic activation, however, since halothane also
blunts baroreceptor and carotid reflexes. Systemic vascular
resistance is unchanged, although blood flow to
various tissues is redistributed. Halothane also sensitizes
the heart to the arrhythmogenic effect of catecholamines.
Thus, maintenance of the patient’s blood
pressure with epinephrine must be done cautiously.
Общее описание
Halothane is a nonflammable, nonpungent, volatile, liquid,halogenated (F, Cl, and Br) ethane (bp＝50°C), introducedin 1956. Halothane may increase heart rate, cause cardiacarrhythmias, increase cerebral blood flow, and increase intracranialpressure.It can undergo spontaneous oxidationwhen exposed to ultraviolet light to yield HCl, HBr, Cl ,Br- , and phosgene (COCl2). To prevent oxidation it ispackaged in amber bottles with a low concentration of thymol(0.01%) as a stabilizer. The drug has a high potency(MAC＝0.75%), a blood:gas partition coefficient of 2.4,and high adipose solubility. Halothane undergoes both reductiveand oxidative processes with up to 20% of the doseundergoing metabolism .The trifluoroacetylchloride metabolite is electrophilic and can form covalentbonds with proteins leading to immune responses andhalothane hepatitis upon subsequent halothane exposure.Halothane hepatitis is rare with 1 case reported for every6,000 to 35,000 patients exposed.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Slightly water soluble.
Профиль реактивности
2-BROMO-2-CHLORO-1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE is sensitive to exposure to light. Incompatible with oxidizing materials. Tarnishes or corrodes most metals, with the exception of chromium, nickel and titanium. When moisture is present, 2-BROMO-2-CHLORO-1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE attacks aluminum, brass and lead, but not copper. Contact causes rubber and some plastics to deteriorate rapidly.
Угроза здоровью
Health hazard may arise from exposure tohigh concentrations of vapors. The target sites are the central nervous system, car diovascular system, and liver. The toxiceffects include depression of the central ner vous system, nausea, vomiting, increasedbody temperature, excitability, arrhythmias,vasodilatation, hepatitis, and liver necrosis.An anesthetic effect in humans is noted atan exposure level of 10,000 ppm. Repeatedexposure to halothane at anesthetic concen trations may result in hepatic lesions andnecrosis. Contact of liquid with the eyes mayresult in severe irritation. The lethal con centration in humans for a 3-hour exposureperiod is in the range of 7000 ppm.
LC50 value, inhalation (mice): 22,000 ppm/10 min
LD50 value, oral (guinea pigs): 6000 mg/kg
No mutagenic effect was observed. Carcino genicity in animals has not been reported.
Пожароопасность
Literature sources indicate that 2-BROMO-2-CHLORO-1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE is nonflammable.
Клиническое использование
The use of inhaled anesthetics and halothane in particularcan produce malignant hyperthermia (MH) in geneticallysusceptible individuals. This results in an increase inbody temperature, tachycardia, tachypnea, acidosis, andrhabdomylolysis. MH is a result of the excessive release ofcalcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Patientswith an inherited mutation in the ryanodine receptor(RYR1), which is located in the SR, are at an increased riskof developing MH when exposed to an inhaled anesthetictriggering agent. Treatment entails discontinuing the anestheticagent, rapid cooling, intravenous dantrolene sodium,and supportive measures. MH has been reported to occurwith all anesthetics agents and with succinylcholine, a depolarizingneuromuscular blocker. The combination ofhalothane and succinylcholine appears to trigger a great extentof the MH episodes. Patients with a family history ofMH can be genetically screened for MH susceptibility viathe caffeine–halothane contracture test. This test is invasiverequiring a piece of skeletal muscle to conduct and it isexpensive costing approximately $5,000 (cost in 2008).Noninvasive molecular genetic screening is currently beingdeveloped.
Возможный контакт
Halothane is used as an inhalation
anesthetic. It has been estimated that halothane accounts
for two-thirds of all anesthetics.
Перевозки
UN3082 Environmentally hazardous substances,
liquid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous haz ardous material, Technical Name Required.
Несовместимости
May attack rubber and some plastics;
sensitive to light. Light causes decomposition. May be
stabilized with 0.01% thymol. Halothane is incompatible
with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanga nates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); con tact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from
alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids,
epoxides. Tarnishes or corrodes most metals, with the
exception of copper, chromium, nickel, and titanium.
Attacks aluminum, brass and lead in the presence of
moisture. Attacks rubber and causes some plastics to
deteriorate rapidly.
Утилизация отходов
The compound is mixed with a combustiblesolvent and burned in a chemical incineratorequipped with an afterburner and scrubber.
Галотан препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
1,1,2-трихлортрифторэтан
2-хлор-1,1,1-трифторэтан
Трифторметил гипохлорит
1-БРОМО-2,2-ДИФТОРОЭТИЛЕН
1-CHLORO-1,1-DIBROMO-2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE
2-BROMO-1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE
2,2-ДИХЛОРО-1,1,1-ТРИФТОРЭТАН
препарат