Magnesium sulfate

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Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt (chemical compound) containing magnesium, sulfur and oxygen, with the formula MgSO4. It is strongly hygroscopic and often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO47H2O), commonly called Epsom salt. And the monohydrate, MgSO4H2O, is found as the mineral kieserite. In gardening and other agriculture, magnesium sulfate is used to correct a magnesium or sulfur deficiency in soil. In food preparation, magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer production or used as a coagulant for making tofu. In chemistry, anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. For Marine use, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals. For medicine use, it is used in pregnant women to control seizures due to certain complications of pregnancy (eg, severe toxemia) and to control high blood pressure, severe brain function problems (encephalopathy), and seizures in children who have sudden, severe inflammation of the kidneys (acute nephritis). Besides, magnesium sulfate is also used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation. Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt (chemical compound) containing magnesium, sulfur and oxygen, with the formula MgSO4. It is strongly hygroscopic and often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4?7H2O), commonly called Epsom salt. And the monohydrate, MgSO4?H2O, is found as the mineral kieserite. In gardening and other agriculture, magnesium sulfate is used to correct a magnesium or sulfur deficiency in soil. In food preparation, magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer production or used as a coagulant for making tofu. In chemistry, anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. For Marine use, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals. For medicine use, it is used in pregnant women to control seizures due to certain complications of pregnancy (eg, severe toxemia) and to control high blood pressure, severe brain function problems (encephalopathy), and seizures in children who have sudden, severe inflammation of the kidneys (acute nephritis). Besides, magnesium sulfate is also used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation. Magnesium sulfate is used widely in several industries including fertilizer, cement, textile, chemicals, and medicine. In the cement industry, it is used in manufacturing oxysulfate cement. In medicine, it is an analgesic and cathartic. An important application of anhydrous magnesium sulfate in the laboratory involves drying organic solvents required for syntheses and GC analysis. In the textile industry, magnesium sulfate is used in finishing composition for dressing cotton; for weighting and sizing silk; as a mordant for fixing basic dyestuffs on wool; and in fireproofing fabrics. It also is a component of certain types of electrolytic plating baths; of various photographic solutions; of cosmetic lotions. It is a catalyst carrier; a dietary supplement in cattle feed; a coagulant for rubber and plastic; and is used in making citric acid and several magnesium salts, such as magnesium stearate. Magnesium sulfate (MgS04) is a colorless crystal with a bitter, saline taste. It is soluble in glycerol and used in fireproofing, textile processes, ceramics, cosmetics, and fertilizers. magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt used as a bulking agent in cosmetic preparations.Magnesium sulfate has been used for decades as a tocolytic; however recently it has been noted that given its lack of benefit, possible harms, and expense, magnesium sulfate should not be used for tocolysis. Hydrated magnesium sulfate occurs in nature as the minerals kieserite and epsomite. The salt is mined in large scale from these and other naturally occurring minerals. The salt also is prepared in the laboratory by the action of sulfuric acid on magnesium oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate followed by evaporation and crystallization: MgO + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + 2H2O MgCO3 + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O Crystallization at temperatures between 1.8 and 48°C yields heptahydrate, MgSO4?7H2O. Below 1.8°C, a dodecahydrate , MgSO4?12H2O crystallizes out. Above 48°C crystals of lower hydrates form. The anhydrous salt is obtained by heating the heptahydrate at about 500°C in a rotary drum; or dehydrating above 150°C in the presence of sulfuric acid. Magnesium sulfate is utilized in the potassium chemicals industry for the manufacture of potassium sulfate (from potassium chloride), sodium sulfate and potash magnesia (potassium magnesium sulfate). Magnesium sulfate, particularly as kieserite, is used as a fertilizer (ca. 80% of total consumption). It is also used in the textile industry, in the manufacture of building and refractory materials, in the pulp industry and in the production of animal feedstuffs and motor oil additives.Magnesium sulphate is a white compound existing both in anhydrous (rhombic) and hydrated crystalline forms. The monohydrate MgSO4·H2O (monoclinic) occurs in nature as kieserite. It is a greyish-white crystalline powder which contains about 16 % magnesium and is used as a fertilizer. It is regarded as a concentrated form of epsom salt, having less water of crystallization. The commonest hydrate is heptahydrate MgSO4·7H2O(also called rhombic or epsom salt) which occurs naturally as the mineral epsomite. It is a white powder with a bitter, saline taste. The salt in the monocliic form loses its structural water at 150°C, while the rhombic form loses water at 200°C. Magnesium sulphate is used in sizing and freproofng cotton and silk, in tanning leather, in the manufacture of fertilizers, in explosives and matches, in medicines as a laxative, and as a veterinary medicine for the treatment of inflammations and infected wounds.The side effects of magnesium sulfate administration are dose dependent. As magnesium levels increase, skeletal muscle weakness increases and CNS depression and vascular dilation occur. Magnesium sulfate infusion commonly results in a slight decrease in blood pressure during epidural anesthesia. Cardiac muscle is not affected to a clinically evident degree when magnesium is administered at therapeutic levels, although magnesium can have profound myocardial effects during a gross overdose. Magnesium antagonizes the vasoconstrictive effect of α-agonists, so ephedrine and phenylephrine are likely to less effectively increase maternal blood pressure when administered concomitantly with magnesium. Magnesium is eliminated unchanged by the kidneys. In a patient who is receiving a maintenance infusion of magnesium and who has decreasing urine output, blood levels of magnesium quickly increase, as do related side effects. Other side effects of magnesium sulfate include the following: (1) Cutaneous vasodilation with flushing (2) Headache and dizziness (3) Nausea (4) Skeletal muscle weakness (5) Depression of deep tendon reflexes (6) Respiratory depression (7) ECG changesMagnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt (chemical compound) containing magnesium, sulfur and oxygen, with the formula MgSO4. It is strongly hygroscopic and often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4?7H2O), commonly called Epsom salt. And the monohydrate, MgSO4?H2O, is found as the mineral kieserite. In gardening and other agriculture, magnesium sulfate is used to correct a magnesium or sulfur deficiency in soil. In food preparation, magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer production or used as a coagulant for making tofu. In chemistry, anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. For Marine use, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals. For medicine use, it is used in pregnant women to control seizures due to certain complications of pregnancy (eg, severe toxemia) and to control high blood pressure, severe brain function problems (encephalopathy), and seizures in children who have sudden, severe inflammation of the kidneys (acute nephritis). Besides, magnesium sulfate is also used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation. Hydrated magnesium sulfate occurs in nature as the minerals kieserite and epsomite. The salt is mined in large scale from these and other naturally occurring minerals. The salt also is prepared in the laboratory by the action of sulfuric acid on magnesium oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate followed by evaporation and crystallization: MgO + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + 2H2O MgCO3 + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O Crystallization at temperatures between 1.8 and 48°C yields heptahydrate, MgSO4?7H2O. Below 1.8°C, a dodecahydrate , MgSO4?12H2O crystallizes out. Above 48°C crystals of lower hydrates form. The anhydrous salt is obtained by heating the heptahydrate at about 500°C in a rotary drum; or dehydrating above 150°C in the presence of sulfuric acid. Magnesium sulfate is not for use in patients with heart block or extensive myocardial damage. Use it with caution in patients with impaired renal function, in digitalized patients, and with concomitant use of other central nervous system depressants or neuromuscular blocking agents. Intravenous administration is contraindicated during the 2 hours preceding delivery. Oral administration is contraindicated in patients with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fecal impaction, or intestinal irritation, obstruction, or perforation.