Бутанол-2 химические свойства, назначение, производство
Химические свойства
Colourless liquid
Физические свойства
Clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. Experimentally determined detection and
recognition odor threshold concentrations were 400 μg/m3 (120 ppbv) and 1.2 mg/m3 (410 ppbv),
respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974).
Использование
2-Butanol is used in the production of methylethyl ketone and sec-butyl acetate, as asolvent in lacquers and alkyd enamels, in inhydraulic brake fluids, in cleaning compounds, and its xanthate derivatives in oreflotation. In addition, it is used to polish, clean materials, paint removers, fruit essences, perfumes, and dyestuffs.
Методы производства
2-Butanol is produced commercially by the indirect hydration
of n-butenes.
Определение
ChEBI: A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.
Общее описание
A clear colorless liquid with an alcohol odor. Flash point below 0 °F. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Soluble in water. Moderately irritates the eyes and skin. Prolonged and repeated contact may cause defatting and drying of the skin. Vapors may irritate the nose, throat and respiratory tract. May be harmful by ingestion.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Highly flammable. Soluble in water.
Профиль реактивности
Attacks plastics. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 236]. Acetyl bromide reacts violently with alcohols or water (Merck 11th ed. 1989). Mixtures of alcohols with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. Example: An explosion will occur if dimethylbenzylcarbinol is added to 90% hydrogen peroxide then acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid. Mixtures of ethyl alcohol with concentrated hydrogen peroxide form powerful explosives. Mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and 1-phenyl-2-methyl propyl alcohol tend to explode if acidified with 70% sulfuric acid [Chem. Eng. News 45(43):73 1967; J, Org. Chem. 28:1893 1963]. Alkyl hypochlorites are violently explosive. They are readily obtained by reacting hypochlorous acid and alcohols either in aqueous solution or mixed aqueous-carbon tetrachloride solutions. Chlorine plus alcohols would similarly yield alkyl hypochlorites. They decompose in the cold and explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Tertiary hypochlorites are less unstable than secondary or primary hypochlorites [NFPA 491 M 1991]. Base-catalysed reactions of isocyanates with alcohols should be carried out in inert solvents. Such reactions in the absence of solvents often occur with explosive violence [Wischmeyer 1969].
Опасность
Toxic, mutagenic, upper respiratory tract
irritant, central nervous system impairment.
Угроза здоровью
Exposure to 2-butanol may cause irritationof the eyes and skin. The latter effect isproduced by its defatting action on skin. Thistoxic property is mild and similar to thatof other butanol isomers. High concentrationmay produce narcosis. The narcotic effect isstronger than that of n-butanol, probably dueto the higher vapor pressure of the secondaryalcohol.
The toxicity is lower than that of itsprimary alcohol analogue.
LD50 value, oral (rats): 6480 mg/kg.
Химическая реактивность
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
Профиль безопасности
Poison by intravenous
and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by
ingestion. Experimental reproductive
effects. A skin and eye irritant. See also nBUTYL ALCOHOL and ALCOHOLS.
Dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat
or flame. Auto-oxidizes to an explosive
peroxide. Ignites on contact with chromium
trioxide. To fight fire, use water spray,
alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical.
Incompatible with oxidizing materials.
When heated to decomposition it emits
acrid smoke and fumes.
Возможный контакт
Butyl alcohols are used as solvents for
paints, lacquers, varnishes, natural and synthetic resins,
gums, vegetable oils, dyes, camphor, and alkaloids. They
are also used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and chemicals; in the manufacture of artificial
leather, safety glass; rubber and plastic cements, shellac,
raincoats, photographic films, perfumes; and in plastic
fabrication.
Экологическая судьба
Biological. Bridié et al. (1979) reported BOD and COD values of 2.15 and 2.49 g/g using
filtered effluent from a biological sanitary waste treatment plant. These values were determined
using a standard dilution method at 20 °C for a period of 5 d. The ThOD for sec-butyl alcohol is
2.59 g/g. In activated sludge inoculum, following a 20-d adaptation period, 98.5% COD removal
was achieved. The average rate of biodegradation was 55.0 mg COD/g?h (Pitter, 1976).
Photolytic. The estimated half-life of sec-butyl alcohol for the reaction of OH radicals in air
ranges from 129 d to 23 yr (Anbar and Neta, 1967).
Chemical/Physical. sec-Butyl alcohol will not hydrolyze in water because it does not contain a
hydrolyzable group (Kollig, 1993).
Перевозки
UN1120 Butanols, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3—
Flammable liquid. UN1212 Isobutanol or Isobutyl alcohol,
Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3—Flammable liquid
Методы очистки
Purification methods are the same as for n-Butanol. These include drying with K2CO3 or CaSO4, followed by filtration and fractional distillation, refluxing with CaO, distillation, then refluxing with magnesium and redistillation, and refluxing with, then distilling from CaH2. Calcium carbide has also been used as a drying agent. The anhydrous alcohol is obtained by refluxing with sec-butyl phthalate or succinate. (For method see Ethanol.) Small amounts of alcohol can be purified via conversion to the alkyl hydrogen phthalate and recrystallisation [Hargreaves J Chem Soc 3679 1956]. For purification of optical isomers, see Timmermans and Martin [J Chem Phys 25 411 1928]. [Beilstein 2 III 1566.]
Несовместимости
Butyl alcohols may form explosive mixture with air. In all cases they are Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates,
perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may
cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Attacks
some plastics, rubber and coatings. n-Butanol is incompatible with strong acids; halogens, caustics, alkali metals; aliphatic amines; isocyanates. sec-Butanol forms an explosive
peroxide in air. Ignites with chromium trioxide.
Incompatible with strong oxidizers; strong acids; aliphatic
amines; isocyanates, organic peroxides. tert-Butanol is
incompatible with strong acids (including mineral acid),
including mineral acids; strong oxidizers or caustics, aliphatic amines; isocyanates, alkali metals (i.e., lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium). isoButanol is incompatible with strong acids; strong oxidizers;
caustics, aliphatic amines; isocyanates, alkali metals and
alkali earth. May react with aluminum at high temperatur
Утилизация отходов
Incineration, or bury absorbed
waste in an approved land fill.
Бутанол-2 препаратная продукция и сырье
сырьё
препарат