Paraquat
- CAS No.
- 4685-14-7
- Chemical Name:
- Paraquat
- Synonyms
- Pectone;Prelude;Paraquat;Paraguat;Pillarzone;Grammoxone;Paraquat ion;Orthoparaquat;Dimethylviologen;Paraquat aqueous
- CBNumber:
- CB7512162
- Molecular Formula:
- C12H14N2+2
- Molecular Weight:
- 186.25
- MOL File:
- 4685-14-7.mol
- Modify Date:
- 2023/5/4 15:13:58
| Melting point | 300 °C (decomp) |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 310.75°C (rough estimate) |
| Density | 0.9748 (rough estimate) |
| refractive index | 1.5600 (estimate) |
| form | Yellow solid |
| color | Off-white Powder |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Paraquat (4685-14-7) |
SAFETY
Risk and Safety Statements
| Symbol(GHS) |    GHS08,GHS09,GHS06 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal word | Danger | |||||||||
| Hazard statements | H315-H319-H290-H372-H301-H410-H311-H330-H335 | |||||||||
| Precautionary statements | P273-P391-P501-P264-P280-P302+P352-P321-P332+P313-P362-P264-P270-P301+P310-P321-P330-P405-P501-P280-P302+P352-P312-P322-P361-P363-P405-P501-P234-P390-P404-P260-P264-P270-P314-P501-P264-P280-P305+P351+P338-P337+P313P-P260-P271-P284-P304+P340-P310-P320-P403+P233-P405-P501 | |||||||||
| Hazard Codes | T | |||||||||
| Risk Statements | 26/27/28 | |||||||||
| Safety Statements | 1-13-45 | |||||||||
| RIDADR | 2781 | |||||||||
| OEB | D | |||||||||
| OEL | TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 | |||||||||
| HazardClass | 6.1(a) | |||||||||
| PackingGroup | II | |||||||||
| Toxicity | LD50 orl-rat: 100 mg/kg IYKEDH 10,520,79 | |||||||||
| Toxicity | LD50 orl-rat: 150 mg/kg FMCHA2 -,C118,83 | |||||||||
| NFPA 704 |
|
Paraquat Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Description
Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium compound with herbicide properties, as diquat. It is contained in Cekuquat or Dipril.
Chemical Properties
Paraquat is a yellow solid with a faint, ammonia-like odor.
Uses
It can cause contact and phototoxic contact dermatitis, acne, and leucoderma, mainly in agrieultural workers.
Preparation
Paraquat is synthesized by the direct quaternization of 4,4 -bipyridyl with chloromethane under pressure (1,9). Diquat is synthesized by reaction of 2,2 -bipridyl with di-n-propyl amine.
Production Methods
Paraquat is produced in several countries by coupling pyridine in the presence of sodium in anhydrous ammonia and quaternizing the resulting 4,4-bipyridyl with methyl chloride. The only impurity permitted is the 4,40-bipyridyl at a maximum level of 0.25% of the paraquat content. It is formulated for commercial use in various concentrations and mixtures. In the United States, paraquat is sold in watersoluble concentrates at 1.5–2.5 lb/gal.
Definition
ChEBI: An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.
Agricultural Uses
Herbicide, Defoliant, Desiccant: Paraquat is a quaternary nitrogen herbicide widely used for broadleaf weed control. It is a quick-acting, nonselective compound, that destroys green plant tissue on contact and by translocation within the plant. It has been employed for killing marijuana in the U.S. and in Mexico. It is also used as a crop desiccant and defoliant, and as an aquatic herbicide. It is used in many formulations with other herbicides, e. g., simazine and diquat. Paraquat dichloride is registered for the control of weeds and grasses in agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used as a preplant or pre-emergence herbicide on vegetables, grains, cotton, grasses, sugarcane, peanuts, potatoes, and on areas for tree plantation establishment. Paraquat is applied as a directed spray post-emergence herbicide around fruit crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans, and sugarcane. It is used for dormant season applications on clover and other legumes, and for chemical fallow. It is also used as a desiccant or harvest aid on cotton, dry beans, soybeans, potatoes, sunflowers, sugarcane and as a post-harvest desiccant on tomatoes. It is applied to pine trees to induce resin soaking. Paraquat dichloride is also used on non-crop areas such as public airports, electric transformer stations and around commercial buildings to control weeds. Not approved for use in EU countries. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP).
Trade name
HERBICIDE®[C]; CRISQUAT®; CYCLONE®; DEXTRONE®; DEXTRONE-X®; ESGRAM®; GAMIXEL®; GOLDQUAT 276®; GRAMOXONE®; GRAMOXONE D®; GRAMOXONE DICHLORIDE®; GRAMOXONE S®; GRAMOXONE W®; HERBIKILL®; HERBOXONE®; OK 622®; ORTHO PARAQUAT CL®[C]; PARA-COL®; PARAMINE®; PARAQUAT CL®[C]; PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE BIPYRIDYLNIUM HERBICIDE®; PATHCLEAR®; PILLARQUAT®; PILLARXONE®; PP148®; PRELUDE®[C]; STARFIRE®; SUREFIRE®; SWEEP®; TERRAKLENE®; TOTACOL®; TOXER TOTAL®; UNIQUAT®; WEEDOL®
Contact allergens
Paraquat is a quaternary ammonium compound with herbicide properties, as diquat. It is contained in Cekuquat? or Dipril?. It can cause contact and phototoxic contact dermatitis, acne, and leukoderma mainly in agricultural workers.
Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Mutation data reported. Human systemic effects: changes in structure or function of esophagus, darrhea, edema, fibrosis of lung, fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis), hemorrhage, jaundice, renal damage, renal function tests depressed, respiratory depression, ulceration or bleedmg from stomach, vomiting. Death from anoxia may result. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also PARAQUAT DICHLOFUDE
Potential Exposure
Those engaged in manufacture, formulation and application of this herbicide. Classified for restricted use: limited to use by a certified applicator, or those under applicator’s direct supervision.
Carcinogenicity
Several carcinogenicity studies have been conducted on paraquat by the oral route. In a 2-year feeding study at doses as high as 75 mg/kg in mice, and a drinking water study at doses as high as 2.6 mg/L of water in rats, no evidence of tumorigenicity was seen. Similar negative results were reported for diquat in a 2-year feeding study (Hayes, 1991) in rats at dose levels up to 720 mg/kg and in a 2-year drinking water study in mice at doses of 2–4 mg/kg.
Metabolism
Because paraquat and diquat are positively charged ions,
they are very quickly and tightly bound to negatively
charged clay particles in the soil, rendering them totally
inactive (1). Thus, these herbicides have no soil activity.
Plants do not actively metabolize either paraquat or
diquat (31); however, substantial photodegradation does
occur on the leaf surface. Isonicotinic acid and methylamine
hydrochloride are the decomposition products most
often noted from paraquat (1). With diquat, the decomposition
products included the pyrazinium salt, picolinamide,
and picolinic acid (1). Photodegradation of diquat was
greater than that of paraquat at equal irradiances (1–3).
Shipping
UN2781 Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides (hydrolysis), alkylarylsulfonate wetting agents. Corrosive to metals. Decomposes in presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Decomposes in heat (see physical properties, above) and in the presence of UV light, producing nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride.
Waste Disposal
Paraquat is rapidly inactivated in soil. It is also inactivated by anionic surfactants. Therefore an effective and environmentally safe disposal method would be to mix the product with ordinary household detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Paraquat Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materials
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chevron_rightPreparation Products
| Supplier | Tel | Country | ProdList | Advantage | Inquiry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Crop Science | +91-9810438260 +91-9896700555 | Haryana, India | 31 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Shree Vallabh Chemicals | +91-8849453471 +91-9975490440 | Gujarat, India | 43 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Triveni chemicals | 08048762458 | New Delhi, India | 6093 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Henan Tianfu Chemical Co.,Ltd. | +86-0371-55170693 +86-19937530512 | China | 21667 | 55 | Inquiry |
| career henan chemical co | +86-0371-86658258 +8613203830695 | China | 29888 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Xiamen AmoyChem Co., Ltd | +86-592-6051114 +8618959220845 | China | 6387 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Chongqing Chemdad Co., Ltd | +86-023-6139-8061 +86-86-13650506873 | China | 39916 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd. | +86-0551-65418671 +8618949823763 | China | 34571 | 58 | Inquiry |
| SUZHOU SENFEIDA CHEMICAL CO.,LTD | +86-0512-83500002 +8615195660023 | China | 23053 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Shanghai Likang New Materials Co., Limited | +86-16631818819 +86-17736933208 | China | 9311 | 58 | Inquiry |