クエン酸水和物 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色透明の結晶, 粒若しくは塊又は白色の粉末
定義
本品は、次の化学式で表される有機酸である。
溶解性
水に極めて溶けやすく、エタノールに溶けやすく、ジエチルエーテルにやや溶けにくい。
用途
汎用試薬、調製液原料。
用途
製薬、製剤原料。
用途
酸味剤。
用途
汎用試薬、調製液原料、くえん酸塩製造原料。
化粧品の成分用途
pH調整剤、キレート剤、香料
効能
緩衝剤, 矯味・矯臭剤
商品名
クエン酸 (健栄製薬); クエン酸 (司生堂製薬); クエン酸 (小堺製薬); クエン酸 (山善製薬); クエン酸 (日医工); クエン酸水和物 (吉田製薬); クエン酸水和物 (日興製薬)
確認試験
本品を105℃で2時間乾燥し，赤外吸収スペクトル
測定法〈2.25〉の臭化カリウム錠剤法により試験を行い，本
品のスペクトルと本品の参照スペクトルを比較するとき，両
者のスペクトルは同一波数のところに同様の強度の吸収を認
める．
定量法
本品約0.55gを精密に量り，水50mLに溶かし，
1mol/L水酸化ナトリウム液で滴定〈2.50〉する(指示薬：フェ
ノールフタレイン試液2滴)．
純度試験
(１) 溶状 本品2.0gを水に溶かして10mLとするとき，液
は澄明であり，その色は次の比較液(1)，比較液(2)又は比較
液(3)より濃くない．比較液(1)：塩化コバルト(Ⅱ)の色の比較原液1.5mL及び塩
化鉄(Ⅲ)の色の比較原液6.0mLをとり，水を加えて
1000mLとする．
比較液(2)：塩化コバルト(Ⅱ)の色の比較原液0.15mL，塩
化鉄(Ⅲ)の色の比較原液7.2mL及び硫酸銅(Ⅱ)の色の比
較原液0.15mLをとり，水を加えて1000mLとする．
比較液(3)：塩化コバルト(Ⅱ)の色の比較原液2.5mL，塩化
鉄(Ⅲ)の色の比較原液6.0mL及び硫酸銅(Ⅱ)の色の比較
原液1.0mLをとり，水を加えて1000mLとする．
(２) 硫酸塩 本品2.0gを水に溶かして30mLとし，試料溶
液とする．別に硫酸カリウム0.181gを薄めたエタノール(3→
10)に溶かし，正確に500mLとする．この液5mLを正確に量
り，薄めたエタノール(3→10)を加えて正確に100mLとする．
この液4.5mLに塩化バリウム二水和物溶液(1→4)3mLを加え
て振り混ぜ，1分間放置する．この液2.5mLに試料溶液
15mL及び酢酸(31)0.5mLを加えて5分間放置するとき，液の
混濁は次の比較液より濃くない．
比較液： 硫酸カリウム0.181gを水に溶かし，正確に
500mLとする．この液5mLを正確に量り，水を加えて
正確に100mLとする．この液を試料溶液の代わりに用
いて，同様に操作する．
(３) シュウ酸 本品0.80gを水4mLに溶かした液に塩酸
3mL及び亜鉛1gを加え，1分間煮沸する．2分間放置後，上
澄液をとり，これに塩酸フェニルヒドラジニウム溶液(1→
100)0.25mLを加え，沸騰するまで加熱した後，急冷する．
この液に等容量の塩酸及びヘキサシアノ鉄(Ⅲ)酸カリウム溶
液(1→20)0.25mLを加えて振り混ぜた後，30分間放置すると
き，液の色は同時に調製した次の比較液より濃くない．
比較液：シュウ酸二水和物溶液(1→10000)4mLに塩酸
3mL及び亜鉛1gを加え，以下同様に操作する．
(４) 重金属〈1.07〉 本品2.0gをとり，第2法により操作
し，試験を行う．比較液には鉛標準液2.0mLを加える
(10ppm以下)．
(５) 硫酸呈色物〈1.15〉 本品0.5gをとり，試験を行う．
ただし，90℃で1時間加熱し，直ちに急冷する．液の色は色
の比較液Kより濃くない．
貯法
容器 気密容器.
強熱残分
0.1％以下(1g)．
使用上の注意
乾燥空気中で風解する。
化学的特性
Citric acid monohydrate occurs as colorless or translucent crystals or as a white crystalline, efflorescent powder. It is odorless and has a strong acidic taste. The crystal structure is orthorhombic. monohydrate crystals lose water of crystallization in dry air or when heated to about 40 to 50℃. Citric acid monohydrate softens at 75℃ and melts at approximately 100℃. It serves as a natural preservative and is commonly utilized to contribute an acidic or sour taste to foods and soft drinks.
Citric acid monohydrate acts as a preservative and antioxidant. It is also used as an acidulant, flavoring agent and antistaling agent in fruit drinks, candy, cookies, biscuits, canned fruits, jams, and jellies. It differs from other forms of citric acid by having a moisture percentage ranging from 7.5-9.0.
使用
Citric Acid Monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains the stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in the blood. Additionally, Citric Acid Monohydrate is used as an acidulating, food additive, and synergist in antioxidant mixtures.
主な応用
Citric acid monohydrate has multiple applications. It is used for preparing citrate buffer in platelets for intravital microscopy and as a buffer component for unmasking antigens and epitopes. Additionally, it functions as a pH-control agent in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. In animals, it enhances the efficiency of nutritional calcium utilization.
Recent uses of citric acid monohydrate include:
As a carbon source in carbon nanodot synthesis
To prepare a pH-6.0 citric acid monohydrate solution/buffer for tissue sample preparation
In citric acid solubilization technique to treat various samples.
製造方法
Currently, the industrial production process for citric acid monohydrate crystals involves several steps. First, the citric acid fermentation liquid is separated from the solid-liquid to obtain a citric acid clear liquid. Then, the clear liquid undergoes purification via the calcium salt method (hydrogen calcium method), acidolysis, and decolorization. This purified solution is then heated, concentrated, and crystallized to produce anhydrous citric acid. The mother liquor remaining from this process is then filtered by plate and frame and added to a crystallization cylinder to reach a supersaturated state through cooling and precipitating the crystal. Once the temperature reaches around 13 ℃, the mixture undergoes centrifugal separation, and the resulting wet crystal is then dried in a dryer. The separated mother liquor, after being filtered, decolorized, and concentrated, is added back to the crystallization cylinder to repeat the above steps a total of four to five times. Finally, the mother liquor is returned to the extraction workshop for re-purification via chromatographic separation.
一般的な説明
Citric acid monohydrate is an organic acid. Its molar enthalpy of solution in water has been reported to be
ΔsolHm (298.15K,
m = 0.0203molkg
-1) = (29061 ± 123)Jmol
-1
安全性
Citric acid monohydrate is non-toxic and has a low reactivity.
May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Excessive intake of citric acid may cause erosion of the teeth. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Chronic: Repeated exposure may cause erosion of teeth.
貯蔵
Citric acid monohydrate loses water of crystallization in dry air or
when heated to about 408℃. It is slightly deliquescent in moist air.
Dilute aqueous solutions of citric acid may ferment on standing.
純化方法
Crystallise it from hot H2O solution (w/w solubility is 54% at 10o, 71% at 50o and 84% at 100o. The monohydrate (softens at ~75o and melts at ~100o) dehydrates in air or when heated gently above 40o . The triethylester ( M 276.3, b 127o/1mm, 294o/atm, d 4 1.137, n D 1.4420.) is a bitter tasting oil. [Beilstein 3 H 556 and 568, 3 IV 1272.]
不和合性
Citric acid is incompatible with potassium tartrate, alkali and
alkaline earth carbonates and bicarbonates, acetates, and sulfides.
Incompatibilities also include oxidizing agents, bases, reducing
agents, and nitrates. It is potentially explosive in combination with
metal nitrates. On storage, sucrose may crystallize from syrups in
the presence of citric acid.
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. The anhydrous form is accepted for use as a food
additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients
Database (inhalations; IM, IV, and other injections; ophthalmic
preparations; oral capsules, solutions, suspensions and tablets;
topical and vaginal preparations). Included in nonparenteral and
parenteral medicines licensed in Japan and the UK. Included in the
Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
参考文献
A comparison of properties between the citric acid monohydrate and deep eutectic solvent extracted Averrhoa bilimbi pectins DOI:
10.1007/s11694-020-00533-xMethods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for bacterial population genetics and systematics DOI:
10.1128/aem.51.5.873-884.1986Increased Adhesion and Aggregation of Platelets Lacking Cyclic Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Kinase I DOI:
10.1084/JEM.189.8.1255Citric Acid, Anhydrous, and Citric Acid, Monohydrate DOI:
10.1021/acsreagents.4096.20211101Production method for citric acid monohydrate crystalhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/22230
クエン酸水和物 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品