Ethanol
- CAS No.
- 64-17-5
- Chemical Name:
- Ethanol
- Synonyms
- Ethyl alcohol;C2H5OH;Absolute ethanol;Etanol;ALCOHOL DENAT.;Dehydrated Alcohol;Ethanol min. 99,9 %;75% Ethanol;ETHANOL CONTROL-H;Denatured ethanol
- CBNumber:
- CB2362508
- Molecular Formula:
- C2H6O
- Molecular Weight:
- 46.07
- MOL File:
- 64-17-5.mol
- MSDS File:
- SDS
- Modify Date:
- 2024/7/2 14:09:54
| Melting point | -114°C |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 78°C |
| Density | 0.789 g/mL at 20 °C |
| vapor density | 1.59 (vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 43 mmHg at 20 °C |
| refractive index | 1.3614 |
| FEMA | 2419 | ETHYL ALCOHOL |
| Flash point | 12°C |
| storage temp. | room temp |
| solubility | water: soluble (completely) |
| pka | 16(at 25℃) |
| form | Liquid. Colorless liquid / invisible vapor. |
| color | APHA: ≤10 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.80872～0.81601 |
| Relative polarity | 0.654 |
| PH | 7.0 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃) |
| Odor | Pleasant alcoholic odor detectable at 49 to 716 ppm (mean = 180 ppm) |
| explosive limit | 3.1-27.7%(V)(ethanol) |
| Odor Threshold | 0.52ppm |
| Odor Type | alcoholic |
| Water Solubility | miscible |
| Sensitive | Hygroscopic |
| λmax |
λ: 240 nm Amax: 0.40 λ: 250 nm Amax: 0.30 λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.30 λ: 270 nm Amax: 0.10 λ: 340 nm Amax: 0.10 |
| Merck | 14,3760 |
| JECFA Number | 41 |
| BRN | 1718733 |
| Exposure limits | TLV-TWA 1900 mg/m3 (1000 ppm) (ACGIH). |
| Dielectric constant | 24.3（25℃） |
| Stability | Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents, peroxides, acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, alkali metals, ammonia, moisture. Forms explosive mixtures with air. Hygroscopic. |
| LogP | -0.19 |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 64-17-5(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| IARC | 1 (Vol. 96, 100E) 2012 |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Ethanol(64-17-5) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Ethanol (64-17-5) |
SAFETY
Risk and Safety Statements
| Symbol(GHS) |    GHS02,GHS07,GHS08 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal word | Danger | |||||||||
| Hazard statements | H225-H319-H371 | |||||||||
| Precautionary statements | P210-P233-P240-P241-P305+P351+P338-P308+P311 | |||||||||
| Hazard Codes | F,T,Xn,N | |||||||||
| Risk Statements | 11-10-36/37/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-68/20/21/22-20/21/22-52/53-51/53 | |||||||||
| Safety Statements | 16-7-36-26-45-36/37-61-24/25-2017/7/16 | |||||||||
| RIDADR | 1170 | |||||||||
| OEB | A | |||||||||
| OEL | TWA: 1000 ppm (1900 mg/m3) | |||||||||
| WGK Germany | nwg | |||||||||
| RTECS | KQ6300000 | |||||||||
| Autoignition Temperature | 363 °C | |||||||||
| TSCA | Yes | |||||||||
| HazardClass | 3 | |||||||||
| PackingGroup | II | |||||||||
| HS Code | 22071000 | |||||||||
| Toxicity | LD50 in young, old rats (g/kg): 10.6, 7.06 orally (Wiberg) | |||||||||
| IDLA | 3,300 ppm [10% LEL] | |||||||||
| NFPA 704 |
|
Ethanol price More Price(6)
| Manufacturer | Product number | Product description | CAS number | Packaging | Price | Updated | Buy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | R3404 | Reagent Alcohol 95%, Used for histology tissue preparation | 64-17-5 | 1GAL | ₹10180 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | PHR1070 | Dehydrated Alcohol Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material | 64-17-5 | 5X1.2ML | ₹16475 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | 1.07017 | Ethanol absolute for analysis EMPARTA? ACS | 64-17-5 | 25L | ₹61275 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | 1.00983 | Ethanol absolute for analysis EMSURE? ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur | 64-17-5 | 2.5L | ₹12925 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| ottokemi | E 1338 | Ethanol, for HPLC 99.8% | 64-17-5 | 500mL | ₹5607 | 2022-05-26 | Buy |
Ethanol Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Description
Ethyl alcohol, also called ethanol, absolute alcohol, or grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. It is associated primarily with alcoholic beverages, but it has numerous uses in the chemical industry. The word alcohol is derived from the Arabic word al kuhul, which was a fine powder of the element antimony used as a cosmetic. In Medieval times, the word al kuhul came to be associated with the distilled products known as alcohols. The hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon, characterizes alcohols. Ethyl is derived from the root of the two-carbon hydrocarbon ethane.
Chemical Properties
In the BP 2009, the term ‘alcohol’; used without other qualification refers to ethanol containing ≥99.5% v/v of C2H6O. The term‘alcohol’, without other qualification, refers to ethanol 95.1–96.9% v/v. Where other strengths are intended, the term ‘alcohol’ or ‘ethanol’is used, followed by the statement of the strength. In the PhEur 6.0, anhydrous ethanol contains not less than 99.5% v/v of C2H6O at 208℃. The term ethanol (96%) is used to describe the material containing water and 95.1–96.9% v/v of C2H6O at 208℃.
Occurrence
Reported found in apple, apple aroma, apple essence, apple juice, bacon fat, banana, bean, beef fat, beef extract, blackberry, black currant, bread, brussels sprout, cabbage, carrot root, cauliflower, blue cheese, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, cocoa bean, cherry, coffee, cream, cucumber, alcoholic beverages and many other sources
History
Alcohol is produced naturally from the fermentation of sugars, and it is assumed that prehistoric humans consumed alcohol when eating fermented fruits. The earliest direct evidence of alcohol consumption dates from the Neolithic period 10,000 years ago and consists of stone jugs used for holding alcoholic beverages. Ancient records and art from Egypt, Babylon, Mesopotamia, and other early civilizations indicate the use of alcohol as a beverage, medicine, and ceremonial drink. Records also show that the intoxicating effects of alcohol were known for thousands of years b.c.e. Alcoholic drinks were stored in Egyptian burial tombs, and deities devoted to alcoholic beverages were worshiped by different civilizations. As the human population expanded, alcoholic drinks assumed a prominent role in different cultures; for example, numerous references are made to wine in the Bible. Ancient Islamic alchemists advanced the practice of alcohol production by using distillation techniques. Distilled alcohols began to appear in the Middle Ages and was used in many remedies and medicines. A common practice by alchemists in different regions was the preparation of special liquors and brews with healing power. Aqua vitae (water of life) could refer to brandy, gin, whiskey, wine, or another form of alcoholic depending on the geographic area.
Uses
alcohol (alcohol SD-40; alcohol SDA-40; ethanol; ethyl alcohol) is widely used in the cosmetic industry as an antiseptic as well as a solvent given its strong grease-dissolving abilities. It is often used in a variety of concentrations in skin toners for acne skin, aftershave lotions, perfumes, suntan lotions, and toilet waters. Alcohol dries the skin when used in high concentrations. It is manufactured through the fermentation of starch, sugar, and other carbohydrates.
Preparation
There are several approaches to the production of ethanol; mainly ethanol is produced by fermentation.
Indications
Ethanol is the most widely abused drug in the world.
There are more than 10 million alcoholics in the United
States alone. Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages
has been linked to as many as half of all traffic accidents,
two-thirds of homicides, and three-fourths of
suicides, and it is a significant factor in other crimes, in
family problems, and in personal and industrial accidents.
The annual cost to the American economy has
been estimated to exceed $100 billion in lost productivity,
medical care, and property damage.
Alcoholism has been difficult to define because of its
complex nature.A person is generally considered an alcoholic,
however, when his or her lifestyle is dominated
by the procurement and consumption of alcoholic beverages
and when this behavior interferes with personal,
professional, social, or family relations.
A light drinker generally is defined as one who consumes
an average of one drink or less per day, usually
with the evening meal; a moderate drinker is one who
has approximately three drinks per day; and a heavy
drinker is one who has five or more drinks per day (or
in the case of binge drinkers, at least once per week with
five or more drinks on each occasion).
Definition
A colorless volatile liquid alcohol. Ethanol occurs in intoxicating drinks, in which it is produced by fermentation of a sugar: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Yeast is used to cause the reaction. At about 15% alcohol concentration (by volume) the reaction stops because the yeast is killed. Higher concentrations of alcohol are produced by distillation. Apart from its use in drinks, alcohol is used as a solvent and to form ethanal. Formerly, the main source was by fermentation of molasses, but now catalytic hydration of ethene is used to manufacture industrial ethanol. See also methylated spirits.
Production Methods
Ethanol is manufactured by the controlled enzymatic fermentation of starch, sugar, or other carbohydrates. A fermented liquid is produced containing about 15% ethanol; ethanol 95% v/v is then obtained by fractional distillation. Ethanol may also be prepared by a number of synthetic methods.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Ethanol has been used throughout recorded history both in a medicinal and a social context. It is currently included in pharmaceutical preparations either as an active or inactive ingredient. At pharmacologically active doses ethanol is both a powerful cerebral depressant and a drug of addiction. Its use in pharmaceutical preparations has been severely restricted in several countries and in 1986 the 39th World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to prohibit such use except when ethanol is an essential ingredient which cannot be replaced by an appropriate alternative.
General Description
Reagent Alcohol is denatured alcohol that consists of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and methyl alcohol in the ratio 90:5:5.
Reactivity Profile
It liberates hydrogen when it reacts withmetal; forms acetaldehyde (toxic, flammable)on catalytic vapor phase dehydrogenation;ethyl ether (flammable) on dehydration withH2SO4 or a heterogeneous catalyst such asalumina, silica, SnCl2, MnCl2, or CuSO4;.
Hazard
Classified as a depressant drug. Though it is rapidly oxidized in the body and is therefore noncumulative, ingestion of even moderate amounts causes lowering of inhibitions, often succeeded by dizziness, headache, or nausea. Larger intake causes loss of m
Flammability and Explosibility
Ethanol is a flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Ethanol vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 4.3 to 19% (by volume). Hazardous gases produced in ethanol fires include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ethanol fires.
Chemical Reactivity
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Ethanol and aqueous ethanol solutions of various concentrations are widely used in pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics. Although ethanol is primarily used as a solvent, it is also employed as a disinfectant, and in solutions as an antimicrobial preservative. Topical ethanol solutions are used in the development of transdermal drug delivery systems as penetration enhancers. Ethanol has also been used in the development of transdermal preparations as a co-surfactant.
Contact allergens
Ethanol is widely used for its solvent and antiseptic properties. It is rather an irritant and sensitization has rarely been reported.
Mechanism of action
A great deal of attention has been focused on a class of proteins termed the ligand-gated ion channels as being important to the mechanism of action of alcohol.These integral membrane proteins function as gates or pores that allow the passage of certain ions into and out of neurons upon binding of the appropriate neurotransmitter. This flux of ions largely determines the degree of neuronal activity. Two distinct types of ligand-gated ion channels are particularly sensitive to concentrations of alcohol that produce intoxication and sedation. These are the α-aminobutyric acid (GABA) chloride ionophore and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. The GABA–chloride ion channel reduces neuronal activity by hyperpolarizing the neurons, while activation of the NMDA receptor causes neuronal depolarization or excitation. Alcohol has been shown to increase chloride flux through the GABAA receptor and reduce calcium flux through the NMDA receptor. These actions result in powerful suppression of nerve cell activity, which is consistent with the depressant actions of alcohol in the brain.
Clinical Use
Generally, no treatment is required for acute ethanol intoxication.
Allowing the individual to sleep off the effects
of ethanol ingestion is the usual procedure.
Hangovers are treated similarly; that is, no effective
remedy exists for a hangover, except for controlling the
amount of ethanol consumed. Sometimes ethanol overdose
is a medical emergency. For example, prompt treatment
is required if the patient is in danger of dying of
respiratory arrest, is comatose, has dilated pupils, is hypothermic,
or displays tachycardia.
Treatment for severe ethanol overdose is generally
supportive. Increased intracranial pressure can be relieved
by intravenous administration of hypertonic
mannitol. Hemodialysis can accelerate the removal of
ethanol from the body. Stimulants of ethanol metabolism,
such as fructose, are not sufficiently effective, and
use of analeptics is not recommended because of the possibility
of precipitating convulsions.
The immediate concern in the treatment of alcoholics is
detoxification and management of the ethanol withdrawal
syndrome. Another pharmacological approach is the use of anticraving
drugs, for example serotonin uptake inhibitors,dopaminergic agonists, and opioid antagonists.The only
treatment that has shown considerable promise is one
that uses the opioid antagonist naltrexone.
Side effects
Acute Ethanol Intoxication and Hangover
Ethanol intoxication is probably the best-known form
of drug toxicity. Intoxicated individuals are a threat to
themselves and others, particularly if they attempt to
drive or operate machinery. Although death can result
from ethanol overdose, usually the patient lapses into a
coma before ingesting lethal quantities. Ethanol intoxication
is sometimes mistakenly diagnosed as diabetic
coma, schizophrenia, overdosage of other CNS depressant
drugs, or skull fracture. An additional feature commonly
associated with excessive ethanol consumption is
difficulty in regulating body temperature. Hypothermia
frequently results, with body temperature falling toward
that of the ambient environment. This problem can be
particularly severe in the elderly, who normally have
difficulty regulating their body temperature.
One of the consequences of ethanol intoxication is
the hangover, a condition characterized by headache,
nausea, sweating, and tremor. Although unpleasant, a
hangover is not dangerous, even though the person having
one may feel otherwise.
Potential Exposure
Ethyl alcohol is used, topical antiinfective agent; solvent to make beverages; in the chemical synthesis of a wide variety of compounds, such as acetaldehyde, ethyl ether, ethyl chloride, and butadiene. It is a solvent or processing agent in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals; plastics, lacquers, polishes, plasticizers, perfumes, cosmetics, rubber accelerators; explosives, synthetic resins; nitrocellulose, adhesives, inks, and preservatives. It is also used as an antifreeze and as a fuel. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of many drugs and pesticides.
Carcinogenicity
In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated the cancer data on ethanol and alcoholic beverages in humans and animals . The IARC concluded that there was inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of ethanol and of alcoholic beverages in experimental animals, but there was sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages in humans. The IARC classified alcoholic beverages as a Group 1 carcinogen based on the occurrence of malignant tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver that have been causally related to the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Environmental Fate
If released to the environment from natural or anthropogenic sources, ethanol will preferentially partition to the soil, water, and air. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation potential is anticipated to be low based upon the estimated bioconcentration factor and experimental octanol/water partition coefficient. If released into water, ethanol’s half-life is less than 10 days. The half-life upon release to air is less than 5 days, where wet deposition removal predominates. Biodegradation and volatilization are expected to be important fate and transport processes for ethanol.
storage
Ethyl alcohol should be protected from physical damage. It should be kept stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from any area where the fi re hazard may be acute. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Separate from incompatibles. Containers should be bonded and grounded for transfer to avoid static sparks. The storage and use areas should be free from smoking areas.
Shipping
UN1170 Ethyl alcohol or Ethanol or Ethanol solutions or Ethyl alcohol solutions, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
Incompatibilities
In acidic conditions, ethanol solutions may react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Mixtures with alkali may darken in color owing to a reaction with residual amounts of aldehyde. Organic salts or acacia may be precipitated from aqueous solutions or dispersions. Ethanol solutions are also incompatible with aluminum containers and may interact with some drugs.
Waste Disposal
Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Precautions
During handling of ethyl alcohol, workers should use chemical-resistant shields, monogoggles, proper gloves, laboratory coat/apron, and protective equipment as required. Workers and the workplace should have adequate ventilation vent hoods, class b extinguisher. Workers should avoid sources of heat, sparks, or flames. Waste disposal and spill should be collected in suitable containers or absorbed on a suitable absorbent material for subsequent disposal. Waste material should be disposed of in an approved incinerator or in a designated landfi ll site, in compliance with all federal, provincial, and local government regulations.
Regulatory Status
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental preparations; inhalations; IM, IV, and SC injections; nasal and ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and tablets; rectal, topical, and transdermal preparations). Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the UK.
Ethanol Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materials
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chevron_rightPreparation Products
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chevron_right| Supplier | Tel | Country | ProdList | Advantage | Inquiry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Otto Chemie Pvt. Ltd. | +91 9820041841 | Mumbai, India | 32 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Evans Fine Chem | +91-9821340302 +91-9821340302 | Maharashtra, India | 286 | 58 | Inquiry |
| UNILOSA INTERNATINAL PRIVATE LIMITED | +91-9999069917 +91-9999069917 | New Delhi, India | 152 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Aero Agro Chemicals Industries Ltd | +91-9830051722 +91-9830051722 | Kolkata, India | 19 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Ultra Chemical Works | +91-9820078105 +91-9820078105 | Mumbai, India | 124 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Chemikos Laboratories Pvt Ltd | +91-9849431423 +91-9849431423 | Telangana, India | 60 | 58 | Inquiry |
| GODAVARI BIOREFINERIES LTD | 9769972334 | Maharashtra, India | 26 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Sreepathi Lab Pvt Ltd | +91-9394118626 +91-9394118626 | Telangana, India | 9 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Dhampur Bio Organics Limited | +91-1169055200 +91-7302318313 | Delhi, India | 1 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Shakti Distilleries Pvt.Ltd | +91-2612461007 +91-2612461007 | Gujarat, India | 2 | 58 | Inquiry |
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