Government regulation
- CAS No.
- 7726-95-6
- Chemical Name:
- Government regulation
- Synonyms
- Br2;Brom;Brome;Bromo;Broom;BROMINE;Dibromine;BromineGr;BROMINE TS;BROMINE,CP
- CBNumber:
- CB7714553
- Molecular Formula:
- Br2
- Molecular Weight:
- 159.81
- MOL File:
- 7726-95-6.mol
- Modify Date:
- 2023/4/23 13:52:06
| Melting point | −7.2 °C(lit.) |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 58.8 °C(lit.) |
| Density | 3.119 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| vapor density | 7.14 (vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 175 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| Flash point | 113 °C |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| solubility | 35g/l |
| form | Liquid |
| Specific Gravity | 3.119 |
| color | Red-brown |
| Odor | Odor can be detected at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm; exposure to concentrations below 1 ppm causes lacrimation. |
| Resistivity | 7.8E18 μΩ-cm, 20°C |
| Water Solubility | 35 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Merck | 13,1378 |
| Exposure limits | TLV-TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) (ACGIH, MSHA, NIOSH, and OSHA); TLV-STEL 0.3 ppm (ACGIH); IDLH 10 ppm (NIOSH). |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with reducing agents, alkali metals, powdered metals, steel, iron, copper, organic materials. |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 7726-95-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Bromine(7726-95-6) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Bromine(7726-95-6) |
SAFETY
Risk and Safety Statements
| Symbol(GHS) |     GHS05,GHS06,GHS08,GHS09 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal word | Danger | |||||||||
| Hazard statements | H302-H314-H331-H340-H351-H400-H330 | |||||||||
| Precautionary statements | P201-P261-P273-P280-P305+P351+P338-P310-P260-P284-P303+P361+P353-P304+P340-P320-P405-P501a | |||||||||
| Hazard Codes | T+,C,N,T | |||||||||
| Risk Statements | 26-35-50-40-22-46-45 | |||||||||
| Safety Statements | 26-45-61-7/9-36/37/39-28-53 | |||||||||
| RIDADR | UN 1744 8/PG 1 | |||||||||
| WGK Germany | 2 | |||||||||
| RTECS | EF9100000 | |||||||||
| TSCA | Yes | |||||||||
| HS Code | 2801 30 90 | |||||||||
| HazardClass | 8 | |||||||||
| PackingGroup | I | |||||||||
| Toxicity | LD50 oral (rat) 2600 mg/kg LC50 inhal (rat) 2700 mg/m3 PEL (OSHA) 0.1 ppm TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) STEL (ACGIH) 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3) |
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| NFPA 704 |
|
Government regulation Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Chemical Properties
Butane, CH3(CH2)2CH3, also known as n-butane and methyl-ethyl methane,is a colorless gas that occurs in natural gas and is obtained by cracking petroleum. It is used as a refrigerant and as a fuel.
Physical properties
Bromine is a thick, dark-red liquid with a high density. It is the only nonmetallic elementthat is a liquid at normal room temperatures. (The other element that is liquid at room temperaturesis the metal mercury.) Bromine’s density is 3.12g/cm3, which is three times the density ofwater. Its vapor is much denser than air, and when it is poured into a beaker, the fumes hug thebottom of the container. Bromine’s melting point is –72°C, and its boiling point is 58.8°C.
Isotopes
There are a total of 40 isotopes of bromine. Of these, only two are stable: Br-79constitutes 50.69% of the stable bromine found on Earth, and Br-81 makes up 49.31%of the naturally occurring abundance. All the other isotopes of bromine are radioactivewith half-lives ranging from 1.2 nanoseconds to 16.2 hours.
Origin of Name
Named for the Greek word bromos, which means “stench.”
Occurrence
Bromine is the 62nd most abundant element found on Earth. Although it is not founduncombined in nature, it is widely distributed over the Earth in low concentrations. It isfound in seawater at a concentration of 65 ppm. This concentration is too low for the bromineto be extracted directly, so the salt water must be concentrated, along with chlorine and othersalts, by solar evaporation, distillation, or both.
Most of the commercial bromine that is recovered comes from underground salt minesand deep brine wells. A major source is the deep brine wells found in the state of Arkansas and Great Salt Lake of Utah in the United States. This brine contains about one-half percentbromine. Chlorine gas is added to hot brine that oxidizes the bromine ions in solution, whichis then collected as elemental bromine. It is also commercially produced, along with potash,from evaporation of the high-salt-content water of the Dead Sea, which is 1290 feet below sealevel and is located on the borders of the Middle Eastern countries of Israel and Jordan.
Characteristics
Bromine is a very reactive nonmetallic element, located between chlorine and iodine in theperiodic table. Bromine gas fumes are very irritating and toxic and will cause severe burns ifspilled on the skin.
Bromine is soluble in most organic solvents and only slightly soluble in H2O. Liquid brominewill attack most metals, even platinum.
Uses
manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, such as fuel additives, fire retardants, pesticides, oil well drilling fluids, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs. In water disinfection; as bleaching agent, surface disinfectant.
Definition
Nonmetallic halogen element of atomic number 35, group VIIA of the periodic table. Valences 1, 3, 5 (valence of 7 also reported). There are two stable isotopes.
General Description
A reddish-brown aqueous solution. The solubility of bromine in water equals 0.33 mg/ mL.
Air & Water Reactions
Slightly soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
BROMINE SOLUTION is an oxidizing agent. Bromine disproportionates rapidly in basic water to give bromide ion and bromate ion. The latter is also an oxidizing agent. Dissolution lowers reactivity compared to pure bromine. Reacts with reducing reagents. Reacts with hydrogen, diethylzinc, dimethylformamide, ammonia, trimethylamine, nitromethane, metal azides (silver or sodium azide). Can react with Mg, Sr, B, Al, Hg, Ti, Sn, Sb in powder or sheet form, to form bromides. Can react with methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, diethyl ether, carbonyl compounds, tetrahydrofuran, acrylonitrile, ozone, phosphorus, natural rubber. Reactions with red phosphorus, metal azides, nitromethane, silane and its homologues may be vigorous.[Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 109].
Hazard
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, severe skin irritant. Strong oxidizing agent, may ignite combustible materials on contact. Upper and lower respiratory tract irritant, and lung damage.
Health Hazard
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
Fire Hazard
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
Flammability and Explosibility
Bromine alone is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0).
Potential Exposure
Bromine is primarily used in the manufacture of gasoline antiknock compounds (1,2-dibromoethane). Other uses are for gold extraction; in brominating hydrocarbons; in bleaching fibers and silk; in the manufacture of military gas, dyestuffs; and as an oxidizing agent. It is used in the manufacture of many pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
storage
work with bromine should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times when handling this corrosive substance. Containers of bromine should be stored at room temperature in a secondary container separately from readily oxidizable substances.
Shipping
Bromine UN1744 Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8— Corrosive material; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone A. Bromine solutions, Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8—Corrosives materials; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone A; Bromine solutions, Hazard class: 8 Labels: 8—Corrosive material; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone B.
Purification Methods
Reflux the brown liquid with solid KBr and distil, then dry the distillate by shaking it with an equal volume of conc H2SO4, then redistil it. The H2SO4 treatment can be replaced by direct distillation from BaO or P2O5 A more extensive purification [Hildenbrand et al. J Am Chem Soc 80 4129 1958] is to reflux about 1L of bromine for 1hour with a mixture of 16g of CrO3 in 200mL of conc H2SO4 (to remove organic material). The bromine is distilled into a clean, dry, glass-stoppered bottle, and chlorine is removed by dissolving ca 25g of freshly fused CsBr in 500mL of the bromine and standing overnight. To remove HBr and water, the bromine is then distilled back and forth through a train containing alternate tubes of MgO and P2O5. [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 275 1963.] HIGHLY TOXIC.
Incompatibilities
A powerful oxidizer. May cause fire and explosions in contact with organic or other readily oxidizable materials. Contact with aqueous ammonia, acetaldehyde, acetylene, acrylonitrile, or with metals, may cause violent reactions. Anhydrous Br2 reacts with aluminum, titanium, mercury, potassium; wet Br2 with other metals. Also incompatible with alcohols, antimony, alkali hydroxides, arsenites, boron, calcium nitrite, cesium monoxide, carbonyls, dimethyl formamide, ethyl phosphine, fluorine, ferrous and mercurous salts; germanium, hypophosphites, iron carbide, isobutyronphenone, magnesium phosphide, methanol, nickel carbonyl, olefins, ozone, sodium and many other substances. Attacks some coatings, and some forms of plastic and rubber. Corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel; and copper.
Waste Disposal
Large volumes of concentrated solutions of reducing agents (bisulfites or ferrous salts) may be added. The mixture is neutralized with soda ash or dilute HCl and flushed to the sewer with large volumes of water.
Government regulation Preparation Products And Raw materials
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