Benzyl alcohol
- CAS No.
- 100-51-6
- Chemical Name:
- Benzyl alcohol
- Synonyms
- BnOH;PHENYLMETHANOL;BENZENEMETHANOL;benjiachun;Benzylalkohol;PHENYLCARBINOL;Benzyl alcoholl;Natural benzyl alcohol;FEMA 2137;benzalalcohol
- CBNumber:
- CB3852587
- Molecular Formula:
- C7H8O
- Molecular Weight:
- 108.14
- MOL File:
- 100-51-6.mol
- MSDS File:
- SDS
- Modify Date:
- 2024/6/7 16:07:22
| Melting point | -15 °C |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 205 °C |
| Density | 1.045 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| vapor density | 3.7 (vs air) |
| vapor pressure | 13.3 mm Hg ( 100 °C) |
| refractive index |
n |
| FEMA | 2137 | BENZYL ALCOHOL |
| Flash point | 201 °F |
| storage temp. | Store at +2°C to +25°C. |
| solubility | H2O: 33 mg/mL, clear, colorless |
| pka | 14.36±0.10(Predicted) |
| form | Liquid |
| color | APHA: ≤20 |
| Relative polarity | 0.608 |
| Odor | Mild, pleasant. |
| explosive limit | 1.3-13%(V) |
| Odor Type | floral |
| Water Solubility | 4.29 g/100 mL (20 ºC) |
| Merck | 14,1124 |
| JECFA Number | 25 |
| BRN | 878307 |
| Henry's Law Constant | <2.70 x 10-7 at 25 °C (thermodynamic method-GC/UV, Altschuh et al., 1999) |
| Exposure limits | No exposure limit is set. Because of its low vapor pressure and low toxicity, the health hazard to humans from occupational exposure should be very low. |
| Dielectric constant | 13.1（20℃） |
| InChIKey | WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| LogP | 1.05 at 20℃ |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 100-51-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST Chemistry Reference | Benzyl alcohol(100-51-6) |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Benzyl alcohol (100-51-6) |
SAFETY
Risk and Safety Statements
| Symbol(GHS) |  GHS07 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal word | Warning | |||||||||
| Hazard statements | H302+H332-H319 | |||||||||
| Precautionary statements | P261-P264-P270-P301+P312-P304+P340+P312-P305+P351+P338 | |||||||||
| Hazard Codes | Xn,T | |||||||||
| Risk Statements | 20/22-63-43-36/37/38-23/24/25-45-40 | |||||||||
| Safety Statements | 26-36/37-24/25-23-53 | |||||||||
| RIDADR | UN 1593 6.1/PG 3 | |||||||||
| WGK Germany | 1 | |||||||||
| RTECS | DN3150000 | |||||||||
| F | 8-10-23-35 | |||||||||
| Autoignition Temperature | 817 °F | |||||||||
| TSCA | Yes | |||||||||
| HS Code | 29062100 | |||||||||
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in rats: 3.1 g/kg (Smyth) | |||||||||
| NFPA 704 |
|
Benzyl alcohol price More Price(61)
| Manufacturer | Product number | Product description | CAS number | Packaging | Price | Updated | Buy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | W213713 | Benzyl alcohol natural, ≥98%, FG | 100-51-6 | 1SAMPLE-K | ₹5347.55 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | W213713 | Benzyl alcohol natural, ≥98%, FG | 100-51-6 | 100G | ₹12264.73 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | W213713 | Benzyl alcohol natural, ≥98%, FG | 100-51-6 | 1KG | ₹44696.43 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | W213713 | Benzyl alcohol natural, ≥98%, FG | 100-51-6 | 5KG | ₹191883.95 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
| Sigma-Aldrich(India) | W213705 | Benzyl alcohol ≥99%, FCC, FG | 100-51-6 | 1SAMPLE-K | ₹5141.88 | 2022-06-14 | Buy |
Benzyl alcohol Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Description
Benzyl alcohol is a component catalyst for epoxy resins. It is also contained in the color developer C-22.
Chemical Properties
Benzyl alcohol occurs in many essential oils and foods. It is a colorless liquid with a weak, slightly sweet odor. Benzyl alcohol can be oxidized to benzaldehyde, for example, with nitric acid. Dehydrogenation over a copper–magnesium oxide–pumice catalyst also leads to the aldehyde. Esterification of benzyl alcohol results in a number of important fragrance and flavor materials. Diphenylmethane is prepared by a Friedel–Crafts reaction of benzyl alcohol and benzene with aluminum chloride or concentrated sulfuric acid. By heating benzyl alcohol in the presence of strong acids or strong bases, dibenzyl ether is formed.
Physical properties
Colorless, hygroscopic, air sensitive liquid with a faint, pleasant, aromatic odor. Odor threshold concentration in water is 10 ppm (Buttery et al., 1988).
Occurrence
The free alcohol is often present in several essential oils and extracts of jasmine, tobacco, tea, neroli, copaiba, Acacia farnesiana Willd., Acacia cavenia Hook. and Arn., Robinia pseudacacia, ylang-ylang, Pandanus odoratissimus, Michelia champaca, Prunus laurocerasus, tuberose, orris, castoreum, violet leaves, clove buds and others. Also found in fresh apple, apricot, mandarin peel oil, high bush blueberry, raspberry, strawberry fruit, American cranberry and cooked asparagus.
History
LIEBIG and WO¨HLER first prepared benzyl alcohol from bitter almond oil (benzaldehyde) in 1832. The structure of benzyl alcohol was determined in 1853 by CANNIZZARO. CANNIZZARO used the reaction named after him, in which benzaldehyde is disproportionated into benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol through the action of an alkali.
Uses
benzyl alcohol is a preservative against bacteria, used in concentrations of 1 to 3 percent. It can cause skin irritation.
Definition
ChEBI: Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent. It has a role as a solvent, a metabolite, an antioxidant and a fragrance.
Preparation
Benzyl alcohol is prepared commercially by the distillation of benzyl chloride with potassium or sodium carbonate. It may also be prepared by the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde and potassium hydroxide.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Benzyl alcohol has been used as an antimicrobial agent in pharmaceutical preparations for many years. Parenteral administration of preparations containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol resulted in the death of 16 neonates in the USA in the early 1980s. Many countries subsequently warned against using such preparations in neonates. This decision is not applicable to the use of benzyl alcohol as a preservative in other circumstances or to its use in topical preparations and no country has placed a total ban on the compound.
General Description
A clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Slightly denser than water. Flash point 194°F. Boiling point 401°F. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be slightly toxic by ingestion. Used to make other chemicals.
Air & Water Reactions
Slightly soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Attacks plastics. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 236]. Acetyl bromide reacts violently with alcohols or water [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Mixtures of alcohols with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. Example: an explosion will occur if dimethylbenzylcarbinol is added to 90% hydrogen peroxide then acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid. Mixtures of ethyl alcohol with concentrated hydrogen peroxide form powerful explosives. Mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and 1-phenyl-2-methyl propyl alcohol tend to explode if acidified with 70% sulfuric acid [Chem. Eng. News 45(43):73 1967; J, Org. Chem. 28:1893 1963]. Alkyl hypochlorites are violently explosive. They are readily obtained by reacting hypochlorous acid and alcohols either in aqueous solution or mixed aqueous-carbon tetrachloride solutions. Chlorine plus alcohols would similarly yield alkyl hypochlorites. They decompose in the cold and explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Tertiary hypochlorites are less unstable than secondary or primary hypochlorites [NFPA 491 M 1991]. Base-catalysed reactions of isocyanates with alcohols should be carried out in inert solvents. Such reactions in the absence of solvents often occur with explosive violence [Wischmeyer 1969].
Hazard
Highly toxic.
Health Hazard
Benzyl alcohol is a low acute toxicant witha mild irritation effect on the skin. Theirritation in 24 hours from the pure compoundwas mild on rabbit skin and moderateon pig skin. A dose of 750 μg producedsevere eye irritation in rabbits. The toxicityof benzyl alcohol is of low order,the effects varying with the species. Oralintake of high concentrations of this compoundproduced behavioral effects in rats.The symptoms progressed from somnolenceand excitement to coma. Intravenous administrationin dogs produced ataxia, dyspnea,diarrhea, and hypermotility in the animals.
Adult and neonatal mice treated withbenzyl alcohol exhibited behavioral change,including sedation, dyspnea, and loss ofmotor function. Pretreatment with pyrazoleincreased the toxicity of benzyl alcohol. Withdisulfiram the toxicity remained unchanged.The study indicated that the acute toxicitywas due to the alcohol itself andnot to bezaldehyde, its primary metabolite(McCloskey et al. 1986).
Fire Hazard
Benzyl alcohol is combustible.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Benzyl alcohol is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics,
foods, and a wide range of pharmaceutical formulations,
including oral and parenteral preparations, at concentrations up
to 2.0% v/v. The typical concentration used is 1% v/v, and it has
been reported to be used in protein, peptide and small molecule
products, although its frequency of use has fallen from 48 products
in 1996, 30 products in 2001, to 15 products in 2006. In
cosmetics, concentrations up to 3.0% v/v may be used as a
preservative. Concentrations of 5% v/v or more are employed as a
solubilizer, while a 10% v/v solution is used as a disinfectant.
Benzyl alcohol 10% v/v solutions also have some local anesthetic
properties, which are exploited in some parenterals, cough
products, ophthalmic solutions, ointments, and dermatological
aerosol sprays.
Although widely used as an antimicrobial preservative, benzyl
alcohol has been associated with some fatal adverse reactions when
administered to neonates. It is now recommended that parenteral
products preserved with benzyl alcohol, or other antimicrobial
preservatives, should not be used in newborn infants if at all
possible.
Contact allergens
Benzyl alcohol is mainly a preservative, mostly used in topical antimycotic or corticosteroid ointments. It is also a component catalyst for epoxy resins and is contained in the color developer C-22. As a fragrance allergen, it has to be mentioned by name in cosmetics within the EU.
Carcinogenicity
In an NTP study, F344 rats were dosed by oral gavage with 0, 200, and 400 mg/kg, 5 days/ week for 2 years. Benzyl alcohol had no effect on the survival of male rats; female rats had reduced survival, and many of the early deaths were considered related to the gavage procedure. There were no treatment-related effects on nonneoplastic or neoplastic lesions in either sex treated with benzyl alcohol. It was concluded that under the conditions of the study, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity . In the same NTP study, B6C3F1 mice were dosed by oral gavage with 0, 100, and 200 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 2 years. No effects on survival or body weight gain were observed. There were no treatment-related effects on nonneoplastic or neoplastic lesions in either sex. It was concluded that under the conditions of the study, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity.
Environmental Fate
Biological. Heukelekian and Rand (1955) reported a 5-d BOD value of 1.55 g/g which is 61.5%
of the ThOD value of 2.52 g/g.
Chemical/Physical. Slowly oxidizes in air to benzaldehyde (Huntress and Mulliken, 1941).
Benzyl alcohol will not hydrolyze because it has no hydrolyzable functional group (Kollig, 1993).
Metabolism
Esters of benzyl alcohol are rapidly hydrolysed in vivo to benzyl alcohol, which is then oxidized . The animal organism readily oxidizes benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid, which after conjugation with glycine is rapidly eliminated as hippuric acid in the urine.
Benzyl alcohol is oxidised by alcohol dehydrogenase (AlcDH), a cytoplasmic enzyme present mainly in the liver, but also in the intestine and kidney. This reaction is saturable. The benzaldehyde formed is oxidised by aldehyde dehydrogenases (AldDH), cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes mainly present in the liver, but also in the intestine and numerous organs.
storage
Benzyl alcohol oxidizes slowly in air to benzaldehyde and benzoic
acid; it does not react with water. Aqueous solutions may be
sterilized by filtration or autoclaving; some solutions may generate
benzaldehyde during autoclaving.
Benzyl alcohol may be stored in metal or glass containers. Plastic
containers should not be used; exceptions to this include
polypropylene containers or vessels coated with inert fluorinated
polymers such as Teflon.
Benzyl alcohol should be stored in an airtight container,
protected from light, in a cool, dry place.
Purification Methods
It is usually purified by careful fractional distillation under reduced pressure in the absence of air. Benzaldehyde, if present, can be detected by UV absorption at 283nm. It has also been purified by shaking with aqueous KOH and extracting with peroxide-free diethyl ether. After washing with water, the extract is treated with saturated NaHS solution, filtered, washed, dried with CaO and distilled under reduced pressure [Mathews J Am Chem Soc 48 562 1926]. Peroxy compounds can be removed by shaking with a solution of Fe2+ followed by washing the alcohol layer with distilled water and fractionally distilling it. [Beilstein 6 IV 2222.]
Incompatibilities
Benzyl alcohol is incompatible with oxidizing agents and strong
acids. It can also accelerate the autoxidation of fats.
Although antimicrobial activity is reduced in the presence of
nonionic surfactants, such as polysorbate 80, the reduction is less
than is the case with hydroxybenzoate esters or quaternary
ammonium compounds.
Benzyl alcohol is incompatible with methylcellulose and is only
slowly sorbed by closures composed of natural rubber, neoprene,
and butyl rubber closures, the resistance of which can be enhanced
by coating with fluorinated polymers. However, a 2% v/v
aqueous solution in a polyethylene container, stored at 208℃, may
lose up to 15% of its benzyl alcohol content in 13 weeks. Losses
to polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene containers under similar
conditions are usually negligible. Benzyl alcohol can damage
polystyrene syringes by extracting some soluble components
Regulatory Status
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental injections, oral capsules, solutions and tablets, topical, and vaginal preparations). Included in parenteral and nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Benzyl alcohol Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materials
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLR Innovations | +91 9891111994 | New Delhi, India | 4542 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Srisyn Labs | +91-9705168728 +91-9705168728 | Hyderabad, India | 45 | 58 | Inquiry |
| LABDHI CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES | +91-9322229293 +91-9322229293 | Mumbai, India | 21 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Jayshree Aromatics Pvt.Ltd. | +91-9925031256 +91-9925031256 | Gujarat, India | 89 | 58 | Inquiry |
| ADVENT CHEMBIO PRIVATE LIMITED | +91-9821524116 +91-9821524116 | Mumbai, India | 353 | 58 | Inquiry |
| S.V ENTERPRISES | +919322701159 | Mumbai, India | 150 | 58 | Inquiry |
| PERFECT CHEMICAL | +91-9820465461 +91-9820465461 | Mumbai, India | 391 | 58 | Inquiry |
| SNECOFRi Pvt Ltd | +91-9032850129 +91-9032850129 | Telangana, India | 404 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Rsum Industries Pvt. Ltd. | +91-91062685255 +91-91062685255 | New Delhi, India | 29 | 58 | Inquiry |
| AnalyticsStanza Inc | +91-7032031309 +91-7032031309 | Hyderabad, India | 227 | 58 | Inquiry |
| Supplier | Advantage |
|---|---|
| GLR Innovations | 58 |
| Srisyn Labs | 58 |
| LABDHI CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES | 58 |
| Jayshree Aromatics Pvt.Ltd. | 58 |
| ADVENT CHEMBIO PRIVATE LIMITED | 58 |
| S.V ENTERPRISES | 58 |
| PERFECT CHEMICAL | 58 |
| SNECOFRi Pvt Ltd | 58 |
| Rsum Industries Pvt. Ltd. | 58 |
| AnalyticsStanza Inc | 58 |
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